TOPIC: ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
Associations Specific Objectives: By the cease of these lessons, the pupil should live able to:
a. define association every bit a biological term
b. State the types of biological associations
c. Describe in addition to give examples of each type of association.
WHAT ARE Biological Associations?
By way of illustration the instructor introduces the students to surely associations inwards everyday life. He explains that whatever form of human relationship betwixt 2 or to a greater extent than persons which may live beneficial or harmful to either or both parties is an association. By way of definition, the instructor defines Biological association every bit a beneficial harmless or harmful human relationship resulting from interaction betwixt or amidst organisms.
Since organisms inwards the ecosystem are constantly interacting amongst other organisms in addition to amongst the physical environment, they necessitate to adjust themselves in addition to then every bit to create make amongst problems of survival inwards their environment, the instructor explains that that is the patch of report of ecological management. It deals amongst activities aimed at balancing changes inwards an ecosystem to select nigh optimum survival of organisms. In guild to accomplish this, organisms become into diverse biological associations.
Types: There are many types of such associations. These include:
- Symbiosis
- Predator – Prey relationship
- Saprophytism
Symbiosis is a unopen association betwixt 2 or to a greater extent than unrelated organisms which may live beneficial, harmful or neutral.
iii types of symbiotic associations include:
- Mutualism
- Parasitism and,
- Commensalism
Mutualism is a symbiotic association betwixt 2 organisms inwards which both of them make goodness from each other. Each fellow member of the association is a symbiont.
Examples:
A. LICHEN: Symbionts ===> Algae & Fungus
Cross Section of a Lichen
Lichen is a symbiotic association betwixt a fungus in addition to a light-green algae which lives inwards unopen association. The algae is enclosed past times the fungus in addition to protects it from physical harm in addition to from dessication. It also absorbs around H2O from the surround used past times the algae. The algae inwards plow manufactures nutrient past times photosynthesis to feed the fungus.
B. PROTOZOA IN THE INTESTINE OF TERMITES
Termites swallow wood but lack cellulose to digest cellulose inwards the wood. However, they accept inwards their gut protozoa of the type trichonympha which secretes an enzyme that digest the cellulose. The protozoa make goodness inwards the next ways:
i. They are provided shelter past times the termite
ii. They larn protection from the termite
iii. The termite provides them amongst cellulose from which they digest to larn sugar. The termite gains saccharide from the cellulose they feed on.
C. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA IN THE ROOTS OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 bacterium called Rhizobium leguminosarium lives inwards the rootage nodules of leguminous plants, obtain nutrients from the cells of the host plants, grow in addition to multiply or reproduce there. In turn, the Rhizobium gives nitrogen take into the plants from the atmosphere thereby increasing the nitrogen availability of legumes.
D. BACTERIA IN THE GUT OF HERBIVORES
Certain cellulose bacteria inhabit the rumen of herbivores similar cattle, caprine animal in addition to sheep etc. They are able to digest cellulose using their self produced cellulose. They hence provide a broad arrive at of sugars for the plants piece they inwards plow larn shelter, protection, nutrient in addition to minerals from the plants.
E. FLOWERS AND INSECTS
Insects obtain nutrient from plants inwards the shape of pollen in addition to nectar piece inwards plow they pollinate the plants enabling them to undergo sexual reproduction.
F. MYCORRHIZA
There are 2 types: Endo/cotomycorrhiza.
This is an association betwixt a fungus in addition to the roots of higher plants. The fungi deed every bit rootage hairs in addition to assistance inwards transferring inorganic nutrients from the soil into the plants. The plants furnish the fungus amongst organic nutrients.
G. CATTLE AND EGNETS (TICK BIRDS)
Cattles are groomed past times tick birds which take away blood sucking glues in addition to ticks from their bodies. In this association, the birds larn nutrient past times eating the ticks piece the cattle make goodness past times having their parasites infestation reduced. This enables the cattle to thrive in addition to live to a greater extent than productive.
Commensalism: This is a symbiotic association of 2 dissimilar organisms inwards which 1 (the commensal) derives around benefits piece the other (host) neither gains nor suffers harm. The advantages involve shelter, support, nutrient or combination of factors. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 typical instance is betwixt the shark in addition to the niggling manne fish called Remora. The remora’s dorsal fin is modified into a concord fast- similar structure. By agency of this the remora attaches itself temporarily to the underside of a shark.
The remora eats the scraps of nutrient falling off when the shark feeds. The remora gets protection from predators in addition to a broad distribution, the shark, however, is non affected past times this association.
Many gut bacteria are commensals specially inwards the large intestine. They feed on the unwanted waste materials in addition to larn protection piece at normal flora nosotros are unaffected.
Epiphytes in addition to Trees: Epiphytes are sunloving plants that climb in addition to grow on trees to live adequately exposed to the sunlight. The trees provide a base of operations for attachment in addition to seat fo them piece the tree is either harmed or benefited. Example is Platycerum in addition to tall trees.
Hermit Crab in addition to Hydrachatine: Hermit crabs occupation solid in addition to convey a type of hydra called hydrachatine inwards its shell.
The hydrachtine feeds on the nutrient particles obtained from the crab which gains zero from the association
CD 3: Period 3: PARATISM
This is an association involving a parasite in addition to a host. The parasite lives in addition to derives nutrients in addition to protection from the host piece the host suffers serious harm from the parasite. Parasites include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi in addition to invertebrates similar circular worms in addition to platyhelminths in addition to around arthrodopa, around flowring plants similar stinga (witch weeed, in addition to dodder (euscuta).
Parasites may be
– Endoparasites or
- Ectoparasite
Endoparasites alive within the trunk tissues of their host in addition to sap them of the nutrients resources in addition to may campaign decease to their host. Examples melinde – Tapeworm, Hook worm, trypanosome, plasmodium, liverfluke etc.
Ectoparasites are those parasites that alive exterior the trunk of their host. They attach to the surfaces of the host’s trunk amongst special structures for attachment eg, lice, ticks, fleas.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 parasite passes most of its life in/on the trunk of its host.
Benefits to parasites – nutrient – shelters – protection
Effect Of Parasitic Action ON The Host
Parasites make non e'er kill their host except surely parasites called Parasitids. Parasites harm the host’s tissues – they create toxins within their host. These toxins may campaign affliction or pitiable health. Many ectoparasites deed every bit vectors e.g tick spread babesia and rat fleas spread the plague causing bacteria.
Effects include stunted growth, tiredness, lack of resistance to disease, depression productivity.
Diseases caused past times parasites include:
- Black pod affliction of cocoa caused past times fungus phythopthora parmivora
- Blast, rust in addition to smut of cereals past times fungi
- Gonorrhea, Tuberculosis in addition to leprosy past times bacteria
- Babesiosis past times protozoa
ADAPTATIONS OF PARASITES
- Possession of organs for piercing the host trunk surface in addition to sucking
- Presence of specialized irksome organs
- Presence of attachment structures eg, ectoparasites
- Ability to secrete enzyme capable of dissolving tissues
- Presence of skilful reproductive means
Some Important parasitic plants include:
Dodder (cuscuta) + Mestletoe (tiponanthus lorantnus)
Special Features: Attachment structures eg, claw claws in addition to suckers
- Flat trunk shape for non-easy brush off from the host
- Piercing in addition to sucking oral fissure parts for feeding
- Ability to create anticoagulant to foreclose blood dottings.
ENDOPARASITES
Special Features
- Poor digestive organisation ==> Organs of displace in addition to feel organ
- Hermaphrodites
- Lays large number of eggs produced to growth chances of infesting novel hosts
- Complicated life bicycle involving 2 hosts
- Production of anti-enzymes to neutralize host’s enzyme
- Ability to respire inwards depression oxygen supply
- Presence of attachment structures in addition to suckers
Important endoparasites include (Humans)
Tapeworm
- Hookworm
- Pin worms
– Ascaries
- Threadworms
- Filaria worms etc.
TAPE WORM
These are long parasitic worms which alive inwards the gut of humans. Several species be but paramount are the
- Cattle tapeworm -à Taenia Saginatta
- Pig tapeworm --à Taenia Solium
Adaptive Structures
Include in addition to specific from the full general features mentioned inwards a higher house are
- Flat record – similar bodies for slowly diffusion in addition to movement
- Small spherical caput bearing (scolax)
- Suckers for absorption of nutrient from host
- Large number of egg bearing proglottides
- Hooks for attachment to the intestinal wall of host.
Internally the worm is simplified every bit a trial of adaption to its parasitic way of life. No oral fissure or good developed alimentary canal. It hence absorbs nutrient digested past times its host over its trunk surface. No organs of circulation nor respiration. Its excretory organ is the open fire cell. Tapeworms are hermaphrodites
Life Cycle: Two hosts are involved inwards the life bicycle viz:
a. Human host every bit primary host in addition to around other animate existence (cow of pig) every bit secondary host. The proglottids at the posterior cease mature in addition to breaks off existence filled amongst eggs are passed out inwards human faeces.This develops into the embryo amongst six hooks covered amongst a protective shell.
If the eggs are eaten past times a foraging squealer or grazing cattle, the embryo is swallowed in addition to is released from a protective compaction past times the activeness of digestive enzyme produced past times the secondary host. The embryos burrow into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine. They are carried past times the blood in addition to loosed inwards the insiders where they rest in addition to develop. They at 1 time grow into a cyst in addition to latter into a bladder. Part of the bladder forms a proscolax resembling the caput of a record worm turned within out. This is called a bladderworm. If undercooked pork or beef is injected past times humans the bladerworm is introduced into the intestine of the human where it educate into a novel tapeworm.
Life Cycle of Tapeworm
Bladderworm inwards Man
Mature Proglottids inwards faeces of man Eggs swallowed past times pig/cow
Bladderworm eaten past times man
in poorly cooked pork/beef
Embyo cyst gets into the blood current of 2 hosts Burrows into the within where they educate into bladderworm
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Hook
Sucker
Proglottids
Mature proglottids
Tapeworm x 3
Economic Importance
- Tapeworm make non campaign whatever severe symptoms since their presence inwards the trunk is unnoticed if non inwards stool, but since they rely on digested nutrient they tin campaign anaemia.
- They lower the body’s resistance to disease
- They campaign irritation of the intestinal wall which campaign abdominal pain
- It causes ulcer of the intestinal wall
- They campaign loss of appetite, vomiting in addition to loss of weight or emaciation, nervous disorder in addition to indigestion.
Control Of Tapeworm
- Proper sanitation ensures that eggs make non contaminate nutrient – Pork/beef should live examined past times veterinarian doctors earlier killing
- Well cooked meat
- Proper handling of infestation should live observed.
Evaluation: To live drawn from page 178 – 180 of Comprehensive Biology
Home work:
1. Describe the life bicycle of whatever 2 ectoparasite and
2. State the economical importance of musquito inwards the world
Reading Assignment: Read on Tolerance & Ectoparasites
TOPIC: TOLERANCE
Specific Objectives:
The students should at the cease of these lessons live able to:
1. Define tolerance
2. State the importance of tolerance to conservation of the ecosystem
3. State the Shelford’s Law of Tolerance in addition to apply it to survival of organisms.
4. Draw a profile to exhibit the diverse tolerance zones in addition to concepts inwards a habitat.
WHAT IS TOLERANCE
The instructor guides the students to understood that tolerance is the mightiness of an organism to withstand niggling unfavourable changes inwards the surround which affects their survival. Living organisms tin alone live inwards a item surround if they tin tolerate the ranges of abiotic factors that operate there. Due to changes inwards environmental conditions, around of these factors are unfvourable. Too niggling or also much of such factors such every bit light, heat, cold, acidity, etc may behave on the survival of organisms. In 1840, a High German scientist named Justus Liebig highlighted the importance of unmarried factors inwards his “LAW OF THE MINIMUM”. The constabulary set down that “the growth of a pant volition live express past times whichever requisite element is most efficient inwards a local environment”.
V.E. Shelford inwards 1913 expanded this constabulary to comprehend animals. He recognized the fact that also much of anything may live every bit bad every bit also little. Hence his constabulary is called The Shelford’s Law of Tolerance. It states that the distribution of specie volition live express past times the environmental factors for which the organism has the narrowest arrive at of adaptability. Since organisms tin alone alive within surely minimum in addition to maximum limits for each abiotic factor. The arrive at betwixt the maximum in addition to minimum boundary is known every bit tolerance arrive at for that factor. Example, most animals accept a minimum arrive at 0oc in addition to maximum boundary of 42oc. The tolerance arrive at is hence 0oc – 42oc.
Hence tolerance arrive at is defined every bit the arrive at betwixt the minimum in addition to maximum limits to which organisms tin tolerate surely changes inwards their surround in addition to then every bit to survive.
Beyond the tolerance range, decease occurs. 0oc hither is the lower limit/lethal temperature piece 42oc is the upper lethal temperature.
Within the tolerance arrive at is the optimum arrive at where at that topographic point is maximum survival charge per unit of measurement of organisms. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 zone of physiological stress where growth in addition to reproduction falls (organisms scrap to survive) in addition to an intolerance where organism are absent.
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Low Profile of Tolerance range High
One element may behave on the tolerance ranges of other factors e.g. when the O2 level of H2O is low, lobsters tin tolerate temperature upwardly to 29oc, but at higher oxygen score they tin tolerate temperature upwardly to 32oc.
CD 2: 22/6/10
GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE
A infinite tin alone live institute inwards areas that are within their maximum in addition to minimum arrive at of abiotic element or tolerance such areas are called Geographical arrive at of that organism.
Abiotic factors are responsible for the geographical of whatever organism. The geographical arrive at of the pelting frost is within the equator every bit a trial of high rainfall in addition to temperature whereas the northern in addition to southern poles accept no tropical rainforest due to absence of rainfall.
The biomes of the basis are due to the tolerance ranges of diverse types of flora species. Hence the v analion inwards abiotic factors are responsible for the geographical arrive at of a specie.
CD 3: SUMMARY/TEST
The instructor summarizes past times proverb that the administration of our ecosystem is essential for the maintenance of residuum in addition to hence heighten the survival of organisms within their geographical ranges of survival.
Certain concepts like:
- Tolerance
- Tolerance Range
- Geographical Range
- Optimum Range
- Biological Associations
- Symbiosis
- Parasitism
- Eutrophication, etc.
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