Nervous Cordination

INTRODUCTION AND PARTS OF THE N.S.

The nervous organization is the collection of tissues as well as organs that collect data procedure it as well as transmit data circular the trunk past times electrical signals.  By this the major functions of the nervous organization is (a) To collect data (b) To procedure the collected data past times (i) integrating

 (ii) Interpreting the data © transmitting the data from 1 indicate to or so other via neurons.

The basic unit of measurement or the functional unit of measurement of the nervous organization is The Neuron.

The nervous organization uses electrical signals to transmit data but besides uses the endocrine chemic unloosen called neurotransmitters to transcend data from 1 neuron to another.

The neurotransmitters include, Acetylcholine, Adrenaline,nor-adrenalin, GABA, etc.

The nervous organization is divided into 2 major parts

= Central nervous organization (CNS)

= Peripheral nervous organization (PNS)

The CNS comprises of the BRAIN & SPINAL CORD.

The PNS comprises of the Autonomic as well as the somatic nerves.

           Central Nervous system

The CNS consists of the encephalon as well as the spinal cord.

The Brain:  The encephalon is the fundamental processing unit of measurement of the nervous system. It is divided into iii major zones:

-     Fore brain

-     Mid brain

-     Hind brain

Forebrain comprises of (a) Cerebrum

                                (b)  Hypothalamus

                                  (c)  Thalamus

Cerebrum is the largest component of the brain.  It is divided into ii hemispheres called the left as well as correct cerebral hemispheres.  They are connected inwards the middle past times the tissue called the corpus callosum. The cerebrum is thrown into folds called convulations.  The encephalon as well as all component of the nervous organization are covered past times a iii layered tissue abbreviated DAP from exterior to within or PAD from within to outside.

D stands for Dura matter

A stands for Arachnoids matter

P stands for Pia matter.

The Pia thing is straight inwards affect amongst the encephalon every bit a covering.  The cerebrum is besides divided into lobes past times this Pia matter.    The lobes include

-  Frontal lobe

-  Parietal lobe

-  Temporal lobe

-  Occipital lobe.

Functions of the Cerebrum:

(1)   It coordinates voluntary action

(2)   It is the middle for memory, reasoning, intelligence, learning, creativity, phonation communication & Judgment.

Hypothalamus AND Thalamus

The thalamus is regarded every bit the gate keeper of the fore brain.  It is the middle of relay of all sensory impulses going to the Brain.    The hypothalamus every bit discussed before lies beneath the thalamus.  It is the middle for all homeostatic processes inwards the body.  It is hence responsible for balancing all biological parameters inwards the trunk every bit seen inwards homeostasis

The Mid Brain:

The mid encephalon has no divisions.  It is the demarcation betwixt the fore as well as hind brain.  The mid encephalon provides a relay path for visual as well as auditory impulses, the optic nervus passes through it hence it is middle for vision.

The HinD brain

The hind encephalon consists of

-  Cerebellum

-  Pons verolli

-  Medulla oblongata.

CEREBELLUM:

This is the minute largest component of the encephalon as well as has 2 lobes called the Right as well as Left cerebella hemispheres.  Its surface is convulated but non every bit the cerebrum.

 Functions:  (1)  It is the middle for ease as well as posture.

(2)  It coordinates skeletal muscles for movement.

Pons Verolli

The pons lies betwixt the cerebellum as well as the medulla oblongata.  It coordinates musculus drive betwixt the ii sides of the trunk past times relaying data betwixt the ii cerebella hemispheres.

Medulla Oblongata:

This component of the encephalon links the encephalon to the spinal cord.

-  It is the middle for all involuntary actions.

-  It coordinates respiration, breathing, pump rate, pulse,

Dilation as well as constriction of the arteries as well as oculus ball, peristalsis as well as the involuntary unloosen of hormones.

DIAGRAM OF THE BRAIN 

The spinal cord

Extends from the base of operations of the encephalon (medulla oblongata) to the sacrum. It is a semi corporation tissue that passes through the vertebral canal of the vertebral column. Like the brain, the spinal cord is protected  past times the vertebral bones as well as has iii coverings together called the meninges.  The iii layers are:

-  Dura thing (outside)

-  Arachnoids thing (middle)

-  Pia thing (inside)

The cerebrospinal fluid runs inwards the spaces betwixt these layers to cushion the spinal cord.

A cross department of the spinal cord shows it is butterfly – shaped as well as has 2 portions.

-  Outer white matter

-  Inner grayness matter.

The white thing is made upward of axon bundles so seem transparent patch the H-shaped grayness thing is a collection of jail cellphone bodies.  As shown inwards the diagram below, the grayness thing has 2 horns (anterior & posterior horns) as well as has a fundamental canal (cerebrospinal canal) that allows the menstruum of spinal fluid.  The spinal cord gives out spinal nerves at every segment.  This nerves split upward into Dorsal as well as Ventral roots every bit they live out the spinal cord.  The Dorsal root gives the Sensory neurons as well as aggregates to shape a dorsal root ganglion.  The ventral root are motor inwards business office as well as has no ganglion formation.

                                  

                   

A cross department of the Spinal Cord

Functions of the Spinal Cord

1.    It coordinates uncomplicated reflex actions similar human knee jerk, as well as

Automatic reflexes.

2.    It acts every bit a pathway for relay of data betwixt the encephalon as well as spinal nerves.

3.    It links the muscles to the brain.

Step 3:  PERIPHERAL N. SYSTEM

The peripheral nervous organization is a collection of nerves originating from the spinal cord as well as the encephalon exterior the fundamental nervous system.  It includes the sensory nerves as well as the motor nerves, located exterior the CNS.  As mentioned earlier,  it has ii (2) branches

-      Autonomic nerves

-      Somatic nerves

The nerves of the PNS are besides of ii types via

31 pairs of Spinal nerves  (connected to spinal cord)

12 points cranial nerves (connected to the brain)

While the somatic nervous organization is concerned amongst the transmission of voluntary impulse externally to the muscles as well as glands,

the autonomic deals amongst rule of internal impulse transmission or ease every bit good every bit involuntary responses of cardiac as well as smoothen muscles.

The ANS is divided into 2 viz

-      Sympathetic system

-      Parasympathetic system.

The sympathetic organization is the organization at work, emergency as well as danger as well as uses adrenalin to transmit impulse, hence it is besides called adrenergic nervous system.  It stimulates many component of the trunk for action. It constitutes the THORACO-LUMBER SEGMENTS of the spinal nerves.  The effects of the sympathetic organization include

-      Dilation of pupils as well as iris

-      Increases pump rate

-      dilates the air pipes (Bronchi)

-      Increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose

-       Increases blood pressure

-      Constriction of arteries

-      Constriction of bladder as well as sphincter

-      Inhibits the secretion of saliva.

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