Respiratory Organisation Ss2

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TOPIC: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 BY THE END OF THIS LESSONS THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO;

a.                   Mention the diverse types of respiration inwards organisms

b.                   state reasons for respiratory arrangement inwards organisms

c.                    list the weather condition for a proficient respiratory surface

d.                   list the respiratory construction inwards organisms

e.                   describe the machinery of respiration inwards named organisms

DEFINITION AND INTRODUCTION

RESPIRATION IS H5N1 SERIES OF BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES THAT INVOLVES THE USE OF OXYGEN TAKEN IN DURING BREATHING IN TO BREAKDOWN MICRO FOOD MOLECULESIN ORDER TO RELEASE ENERGY FOR THE ORGANISM.

COMMON term confused inwards respiration is breathing.

Breathing is a part of respiration called external respiration. It involves the taking inwards of gas- oxygen together with the unloosen of carbon dioxide.

Respiration occur inwards 2 phases inwards living organisms

Viz; external respiration

       Internal respiration

External respiration involves the intake of oxygen together with the unloosen of carbon dioxide.

On the whole respiration is represented amongst the equation below

C₆H₁₂O₆       +              6O₂                                               6CO₂ + 6H₂O +          ATP

Step 2; CONDITION NECESSARY FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Certain weather condition brand a respiratory arrangement to live on an efficient respiratory system.

a.     Good respiratory organ

b.     Respiratory medium

c.     Good respiratory surface

d.     A proficient vascular system

e.     Adequate ventilation

Step 3; CHARACTERISTICS OF H5N1 GOOD RESPIRATORY SURFACE

A RESPIRATORY surface is the definite surface where gaseous telephone commutation takes place. It is the site where the actual telephone commutation of gases takes place.

It must hence live on

a.    Moist to let gases to dissolve inwards it

b.    Thin to let slow diffusion

c.     Large surface expanse for slow diffusion

d.    Highly supplied amongst blood

e.    Must live on highly connected to the carry system

Step 5; TYPES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

IT ranges from unproblematic torso surface inwards lower organism to complex lungs inwards higher animals

Amoeba……………………… torso surface

Hydra/tapeworm………………cell membrane

Earth worm……………………..body surface

Fishes …………………………………..gills

Insects…………………………… tracheal system

Arachnids ………………………… lung books

Tadpoles……………………………gills

Reptiles……………………………..lungs

Amphibians ………………………mouth/skin/lungs

Aves together with man…………………….lung

RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES AND MECHANISM IN ORGANISM

Unicellular Organisms (Amoeba, Paramecium etc)

The respiratory structures of these organisms is the torso surface.  Because of the increment inwards the surface expanse to majority ratio inwards them, diffusion tends to live on sufficient for the telephone commutation of gases inwards them.  Their habitat has a proficient provide of these gases together with because they are i cellular organisms, O₂ diffuse across into the jail cellular telephone piece CO₂ diffuse outwards.

STEP 7;

Insects:  The Respiratory construction is the Tracheal System:

Tracheal System of Insects

The trachea is a arrangement of blind tubes that opened upwardly to the ventrolateral aspect of the abdominal wall of the insect equally spiracles.

Mechanism:  During gaseous exchange, the insect contracts its torso doors.  Ventrally, equally it does this, air moves from the exterior to the trachea through the spiracle.  This is equally a termination of decreased pressure level within the tracheal system.  On relaxation of the abdominal walls, the pressure level increases together with air (CO₂) rushes out to the outside.

STEP 8: Fish (Gills)

The fish (bony) respires using the gill system.  The gills are enclosed within the opercular bedchamber inwards the lateral aspect of the head.  Each gill is made upwardly of four components that piece of occupation together to convey nearly the efficient part of the gill.

1.             Gill Filament which is the actual construction for gaseous exchange

2.             The gill rakers which sieve nutrient (tiny phyto planktons together with diatoms) from the H2O containing the dissolved gases.

3.             The gill arch which provides back upwardly for the gill system

4.             The gill lamella which increases the surface expanse for gaseous exchange

                       Gill System of a Fish

Diagram of a Fish showing the Gill System

Mechanism:  During gaseous exchange, the fish opens the mouth

2.             The operculum closes

3.             Water containing dissolved gases together with nutrient rush inwards through the    oral cavity

4.             The gill rakers sieve the nutrient from the water

5.             Dissolved gases together with H2O rush over the gill filaments

6.             O₂ diffuses into the blood capillary surrounding the filaments piece          CO₂  diffuses out into the H2O

7.             Operculum opens piece oral cavity closes

8.             Water rushes out via the operculum.

STEP 9: TOAD/TADPOLE

                The polliwog is the immature the toad.  It shows 2 stages: the external             gill stage together with the internal gill stage.  In both stages, the gill equally inwards             the fish is the organ of respiration, piece gaseous telephone commutation inwards the             external gill stage is strictly past times diffusion of gas across the external             gills.  It is like to a fish inwards internal gill stage.

                The adult toad has three respiratory processes –

                1.             Buccal respiration

                2.             Cutaneous respiration

                3.             Pulmonary respiration.

                In cutaneous respiration, the moist highly vascularized peel is      involved.  Gases dissolve on the moist peel together with instantly diffuse across    the peel surface into the dermal capillary network below the skin.            CO₂ too diffuse inwards the opposite administration from the tissues of the                 peel to the outside.

                Buccal respiration involves the mouth.  It begins when the toad:

                1.             Closes the mouth

                2.             Opens the nostrils

                3.             Floor of buccal cavity is lowered

                4.             Intrabuccal pressure level decreases

                5.             Air is drawn inwards from the exterior

                6.             Nostrils together with glottis is closed

                7.             Gaseous telephone commutation betwixt the buccal capillary together with the gas   instantly takes place.

                                The toad repeats the contrary procedure to take CO₂.

                                Pulmonary respiration involves the lungs

Diagram of a Toad showing the Respiratory Organs

            The toad piece on the world uses the respiratory organ called the lungs.        Respiration inwards the lungs is like to buccal respiration.  The alone      add-on is that the gas inwards the buccal cavity is drawn into the lungs            amongst the closing of the glottis together with nostrils.  There the alveoli introduce a gaseous telephone commutation surface that allows the diffusion of the gases          into the alveolar capillaries together with a consequent instruct out of CO₂ from the     tissues to the lungs together with to the nostrils for removal.

            STEP 10

GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN MAN

Man together with other higher organisms (reptiles, etc) piece of occupation the lungs to respire.  The surface for respiration inwards the lungs is the alveoli (alveolus singular).  It is most together with good supplied amongst the blood capillaries from the pulmonary artery.  The lungs are enclosed inwards the thoracic cavity behind the rib cage.  Below is the tough diagram that determines the stride of gaseous exchange.

Diagram of the Respiratory System of Man

                The nostrils Pb into the larynx together with to the muscular band cartilaginous trachea.  The trachea bifucates to laissez passer the bronchioles together with each respiratory bronchiole ends inwards an enlarged sac called the alveolus.  Each lung is enclosed within a pleural membrane that allows it to expand.  The pleural membranes cast a infinite containing pleural fluid called the pleural cavity.

                Mechanism:  Two main processes convey nearly respiration inwards human being viz:

-       Inspiration/Inhalation

-       Expiration/Exhalation

                Inspiration:  During inspiration,

                1.             The diaphragm contracts together with then that its dome shape is lost                                     (flattens)

                2.             The thoracic muscles contract thereby causing the thoracic                          cage to move

                3.             The thoracic cage moves upwards together with outwards

                4.             The majority of the thoracic cavity increases

                5.             The pressure level within the cavity decreases

                6.             The lungs expand allowing air to live on drawn into the lungs                                              from the nostrils.

                Expiration:  The opposite of inspiration.

                1.             The diaphragm relaxes together with assumes its dome shape

                2.             The intercoastal muscles relax allowing the rib cage to motion                     back

                3.             The thoracic cage moves downward together with inward

                4.             The intrathoracic majority decreases

                5.             The intra thoracic pressure level increases

                6.             The lungs contract expelling CO₂ out of the nostrils

               

            Gaseous Exchange Proper:  The alveoli provides a proficient respiratory surface for the lungs.  The O₂ from inspired air diffuses into the blood capillaries together with are carried away past times redblood cells loaded amongst heamoglobin.  CO₂ diffuses into the alveoli equally the partial pressure level of CO₂ together with O₂ varies comparably.  Approximately, the composition of air inhaled together with exhaled is shown

Air Components	Inhaled Air	Exhaled Air
O2	21%	16%
CO2	0.03%	4.1%
Nitrogen	79%	79%
Water Vapour	Variable	Higher