-LESSON NOTES FOR WEEK ONE
CLASS SSS1
TOPIC: CONCEPT OF LIVING THINGS
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES: BY THE END OF THIS LESSONS THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO;
a. Define biological scientific discipline inwards relation to science
b. Define the diverse branches of biology
c. Explain the scientific process
d. Enumerate the characteristics of living things
e. State the diverse levels of organization of life
f. Explain the advantages in addition to demerits of complexity of organization of life
Presentation: WHAT IS BIOLOGY
The term biological scientific discipline is derived from 2 Latin words;
BIOS meaning LIFE
LOGOS meaning STUDY
HENCE BIOLOGY IS H5N1 BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH the report of life or the report of living things. Science has been defined equally a systematic way of research into the laws of nature. Biology deals with how life is organized.
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
Various disciplines of biological scientific discipline are derived from its 2 major branches;
BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY
BOTANY is the report of plants
ZOOLOGY is the report of animals
Disciplines derived from hither include;
Microbiology…………..study of micro organisms
Anatomy………study of external in addition to internal structures of organisms
Physiology…………study of the functions of living structures
Mycology…….study of fungi
Ecology……..study of the inter human relationship with living things in addition to their environments.
Genetics……the report of inheritance in addition to variation
Histology…..the report of tissues in addition to functions
Cell biology…… report of prison theatre mobile telephone structures in addition to functions
Anthropology…….study of external landmarks in addition to underlying structures.
Other branches include parasitology, molecular biology, cytology, etc.
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS:
THE SCIENTIFIC procedure is a systematic or scientific way of solving problems. It begins with observation of a natural phenomenon. Galileo was a renown scientist who observed ripped fruit e'er autumn vertically downward from trees. So he was curious to know why e'er VERTICALLY DOWNWARD INSTEAD OF SIDE WAYS?
This slap-up inquiry led to the concept of GRAVITY.
Observation hither is non a mere human face at things but a human face with a sentiment to regain answers to a puzzle.
Seven steps inwards the scientific procedure are:
1. OBSERVATION
2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIION
3. ESTABLISHMENT OF RECURRENT PATTERN OF OBSERVATION
4. FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
5. EXPERIMENTATION
6. RESULTS/ INFERENCE
7. THEORY/ LAW/PRINCIPLE.
Observation of natural procedure arouses serial of reasoning which tin live deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning.
HYPOTHESIS: this is said to live a scientific guess. It is a suggested explanation earlier experimentation. It is a proposal that mightiness live true.
EXPERIMENTATION: This is the testing of a guess.Every hypothesis stands to live accepted or rejected after experimentation. Most experiments receive got a controlled experiment. H5N1 controlled experiment serves equally a depository fiscal establishment correspond for the experiment but lacks the major parameters to live tested. Reported experiments must have
DATE
TITTLE
AIM
MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE/RESULTS
RESULTS/ INFERENCE;
These are a prepare of information collected after experimentation. Results obtained volition decide the credence or rejection of a hypothesis. Sometimes the hypothesis volition live modified depending on the results. Inferences are drawn from the results in addition to these are used to confirm or give explanation to the observation.
THEORY/PRINCIPLE:
A theory is a stated or proven hypothesis past times experimentation.such hypothesis that tin stand upwardly the essay of fourth dimension is a theory, a police or a principle. Theories are the solid stone of science.
NOW DO THESE TASKS
TASK 1.
1. IDENTIFY ANY 4 OTHER BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
2. IF YOU WERE TO CHOSE H5N1 COURSE FROM THE BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY WHICH ONE WILL YOU CHOSE. STATE YOUR REASONS
TASK 2.
MOST BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ARE DONE WITH THE USE OF H5N1 MICROSCOPE.
WRITE FEW DISCRIPTIONS ON THE MICROSCOPE UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS
a. Diagram(10..12 cm)
b. Parts in addition to functions
c. Magnification in addition to resolution
d. Care in addition to maintenance.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Now that nosotros receive got established that biological scientific discipline deals with the report of living things, nosotros shall proceed to run into what qualifies equally a living thing.
From your junior biological scientific discipline the acronym “MR NIGER OR MRS NERG” should live conversant to you. Now to live for sure y'all retrieve consummate the project below
M stands for MOVEMENT
R stands for…………………………………………..
S stands for……………………………………………..
N stands for …………………………………………..
E stands for………………………………………………..
R stands for RESPIRATION
G stands for……………………………………………….
If y'all receive got successfully completed this project in addition to then y'all are a genius.
Now the inquiry is equally a scientist do y'all think that plants in addition to animals which shape the mass of our report inwards biological scientific discipline receive got all these characteristics. Prove your claim past times completing the tabular array below. You are expected to the world the differences betwixt plants in addition to animals based on the characteristics of living things y'all receive got listed inwards your project above.
| Definition | characteristics | Plants | animals |
| Irreversible increase inwards size, dry out mass, height. | 1. | | |
| a alter inwards seat of a body | 2. | | |
| ability to convey to life immature orga anisms of their kinds | 3. | | |
| The removal of waste matter products of metabolism from the body. | 4. | | |
| the powerfulness to respond to stimuli | 5. | | |
| The human activity of feeding | 6. | | |
| Exchange of gas/ interruption downward of nutrient to create energy | 7.RESPIRATION | Plants release alcohol inwards anaerobic respiration | Animals release lactic acid in anaerobic respiration |
ALL living things posses these qualities but think of VIRUSES, do y'all think they are living things or non living things?.
Now equally living things, a).they can reproduce when introduce inwards some other living organism. b). they posses traits capable of transmission
AS non living things, (a). They stay crystalline exterior the trunk of living organism . b. they cannot respire ,feed or excrete similar living things.
GOOD. NOW THAT YOU HAVE RECALLED WHAT QUALIFIES AS H5N1 LIVING THING AND THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AS LIVING THINGS AND ANIMALS AS LIVING THINGS WE WILL NOW RECALL THE LEVELS OF ORGANISATION OF LIFE (LIVINGTHINGS).
STEP3: LEVELS OF ORGANISATION OF LIFE
This large QUESTION is going to straight us to how life is organized.
THE EGG AND THE HEN WHICH CAME FIRST?
LIFE is organized inwards levels firstly from the simplest to the close complex. You volition concord that the hen is to a greater extent than complex than the egg. The egg nevertheless is a complex prison theatre mobile telephone that has parts. These parts are made from protoplasm(the liquid of life). The protoplasm is too made upwardly of macromolecules. So life volition follow the steps below until an organism is formed.
MACROMOLECULES comprising of DNA/RNA/PROTEINS/CARBOHYDRATES/LIPIDS/NUCLEIC ACIDS.
PROTOPLASM comprising of the liquid parts of the cell.
ORGANELLES comprising of mitochondria/nucleus/golgibodies/…..etc
CELL which is the basic unit of measurement of life.all living things receive got cell/cells.some organisms exists at this level. It is thus at this grade that life truly begins.
Amoeba, volvox chlamydomonas, euglena are few organisms that be at this level. Some examples of cells are listed below, endeavour to the world where they tin live found.
1. Erythrocytes ………………………………………………………………………..
2. Leucocytes…………………………………………………………………………..
3. Nephrons………………………………………………………………………………
4. Osteocytes…………………………………………………………………………
5. Sperm cells…………………………………………………………………
6. Astrocytes……………………………………………………………………………
7. Hepatocytes………………………………………………………………………..
8. Root pilus cells……………………………………………………………..
9. Rod cells……………………………………………………………………
10. Phloem cells……………………………………………………………
11. Epithelial cells………………………………………………………….
12. Epidermal cells………………………………………………………….
TISSUE LEVEL; tissue is a collection of cells performing similar functions.Some organisms similar HYDRA exists at this level. Their trunk parts are divided into layers of tissues. Some prominent tissues inwards the trunk volition include
Nerve
Xylem
Phloem
Muscle
Epithelium
ORGAN LEVEL; SOME organisms too be at this level. Organs are a collection of tissues performing similar functions.
Onion bulb, rhizome, corm,tubers, leafage are parts of the flora that are grouped equally organs.
Animals receive got the heart, kidney,eye, testis, liver, tummy etc as essential organs for survival
SYSTEM LEVEL: H5N1 SYSTEM IS a collection of organs that perform similar functions. Now tin y'all think of atleast whatever 4 systems inwards plants in addition to nine systems inwards animals. List them downward below
1. ……………………………………
2. ……………………………………..
3. ……………………………………..
4. …………………………………………..
1. …………………………………………
2. ……………………………………………..
3. ……………………………………………….
4. …………………………………………………….
5. …………………………………………………………
6. ……………………………………………………………
7. ……………………………………………………………………………
8. …………………………………………………………………………………….
9. ………………………………………………………………………………………….
COMPLEXITY OF ORGANISATION OF LIFE
HOW complex are y'all compared to an ant, an elephant in addition to an amoeba.
The bigger an organism get, the smaller the surface expanse to volume ratio(SA/V).
IS information technology EASIER for an elephant to live on compared to amoeba?
Now based on your response to the inquiry higher upwardly the world your reasons past times stating 4 advantages in addition to disadvantages each of complexity of organization of life.
ADVANTAGES.
1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
DISADVANTAGES
1. …………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
EVALUATION: a. the world the 4 basic levels of organization of life.
b. advert whatever 2 organisms each that be as
i. prison theatre mobile telephone ii. Tissue ii. organ
TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
SUB TOPIC: KINGDOM ANIMALIA………..
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES: BY THE END OF THIS LESSONS THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO;
g. describe the kingdom animalia
h. state their characteristics of the kingdom groups
i. draw some of import organisms of this kingdom
SUMMARY: Taxonomy is the report of classification of living things. It makes exercise of the binomial scheme where organisms are named with 2 names; the genus in addition to the specie names. The kingdom animalia has many phyla which are real of import for our ecosystem:
STEP 1: kingdom animalia(PERIODS 1 AND 2 )
This a grouping of multicellular creature – similar organisms. The kingdom is made upwardly of the next phyla:
Phylum porifera eg. Sponges
Phylum coelenterate eg hydra
Phylum platyhelminths
Phylum nematoda
Phylum annelida
Phylum arthropoda
Phylum mollusca
Phylum echinodermata
Phylum chordate/ vertebrata
Step 2: Phylum porifera
This is a grouping of multicellular, sessile in addition to a unmarried gastric organisms with 2 trunk layers.they are to a greater extent than oft than non aquatic in addition to to a greater extent than oft than non hermaphrodites. Eg. Sponges
ACTIVITY: students to depository fiscal establishment correspond their text books to write downward atleast 4 characteristics of the poriferans.
Step3:PHYLUM COELENTERATA:
These are aquatic multicellular animals .they include hydra, ocean anemone, jelly fish in addition to coral polyps. They are too called CNIDERIANS.
ACTIVITY: STUDENTS TO ENGAGE IN SELF DISCOVERY OF THE FEATURES OF THIS PHYLA
by checking their consummate biological scientific discipline to write downward whatever 4 features of the cnidarians piece instructor draws the hydra on the board.
Step4:PLATYHELMINTHES
The platy helminthes consists of bulk of the parasitic worms in addition to a few complimentary living worms. They include liver flukes, planarians in addition to tapeworms. They are to a greater extent than oft than non referred to equally acoelomates. They are bilaterally symmetrical. They receive got organs in addition to organ systems. 
Activity: Students to engage inwards finding out the characteristics of the apartment worms piece instructor draws the diagram of the tape worm.
Students straightaway regain the preserved tape worm to compare their findings from the text.
Step6 : NEMATODA
All circular worms belong to this group. bulk are parasitic piece some are complimentary living. They are bilaterally symmetrical with elongated bodies. They nevertheless are non hermaphrodites similar the apartment worms. They include hookworms, pinworms, whipworms, filarial worms etc
Activity: students to sentiment the preserved ascaries to the world the observable features.
Teacher presents the ENCANTA page on nematods to update students with information on this phyla.
Step 7: PHYLUM ANNELIDA
This is a grouping of segmented worms that are to a greater extent than oft than non terestrial fifty-fifty though some are aquatic. They are tribloblastic (3 trunk layers), they are hermaphrodites in addition to receive got excretory organs called nephridia. The major creature hither is the EARTHWORM
. ACTIVITY: Students to engage inwards self regain of the characteristics of the annelida.
Teacher presents the preserved earthworm to students to write downward the observable features of the earthworm.
Step 8: phylum ARTHROPODA
This phylum constitute of the close successful grouping inwards the kingdom animalia. They are the grouping of flight in addition to crawling organisms with jointed appendages. They receive got their bodies covered with a tough poly peptide called chitin.
There are 4 classes here
CLASS INSECTA 
CLASS ARACHNIDA 
CLASS CRUSTACEANS 
CLASS MYRIAPODA
CLASS INSECTA: typical trial of this grouping include cockroaches, wasps etc
Activity students to engage inwards grouping piece of work to regain in addition to write downward the features of this class. Teacher introduce whatever of the members of this course of didactics in addition to inquire them to laid about work.
Orders inwards this course of didactics include odonata (), isoptera(), orthoptera(locust), diptera(anopheles, housefly), hemiptera(aphis), hymenoptera(bees).
ARACHNIDA: This grouping include those with 2 trunk segment……prosoma in addition to opisthosoma, 4 pairs of elementary eyes etc
TEACHER LEADS THE STUDENTS TO INVESTIGATE OTHER FEATURES OF THIS CLASS
BY GIVING THEM H5N1 SPIDER OR H5N1 TICK TO OBSERVE.
Step CRUSTACEAN: this organisms are to a greater extent than oft than non aquatic but a few alive on land. They receive got 2 trunk regions
Cephalothorax in addition to abdomen.
Activity : students to investigate the features of a crab or a prawn presented to them.
MYRIAPODA: The abdomen consists of many limb bearing segments, a couple of elementary eyes , a couple of antenna in addition to a couple of elementary jaws. Two orders are hither ……….the diplopoda in addition to the chilopoda
Activity : students to regain in addition to write downward the characteristics of the course of didactics myriapoda.
Evaluation: 1. the world whatever 4 differences betwixt the insect in addition to the arachnida.
2. the world whatever 2 disimilarities bw the nematode in addition to the platyhelminthes.
Assignment: collect whatever fellow member of the mollusca
Write downward the characteristics of the group.
Compare your respond with a star fish. Do y'all think they belong to
The same mollusks? If no ,which is their phylum.
PERIOD 3 AND 4( )
SUBTOPIC: PHYLUM CHORDATA
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the terminate of this lesson the educatee should live able to
STEP 1: These are organism with notochord (backbone precurror) . They receive got dorsal, tabular cardinal nervous system.
Sub phylum: Acraniata
n chordates with no truthful skull, brain, pump in addition to kidney.
Class: Urochordata eg Ciona.
: Cephalochordata eg Amphioxus.
Subphylum: Vertebrata/ Craniata.
5 classes brand upwardly the subphylum vertebrata:
1. Pisces e.g Fishes 
2. Amphibian e.g. Toad 
3. Reptilian e.g Snake 
4. Aves e.g. Birds 
5. Mammals e.g Monkey 
Step 2: practical work:
Students to handgrip in addition to investigate the characteristics of the classes inwards the vertbrata.
EVALUATION:
State 3 characteristics of the members of the
a. Pisces
b. Amphibians
c. Reptilian
d. Aves
e. Mammalian
LESSON NOTES FOR WEEK 6
CLASS SSS1
TOPIC: THE CELL
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES: BY THE END OF THIS LESSONS THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO;
a. define a cell
b. trace the history of the cell
c. state the prison theatre mobile telephone theory
d. state the forms inwards which cells exist
e. explain the prison theatre mobile telephone structure
f. state the functions of the prison theatre mobile telephone inclusions
g. state the differences betwixt creature cells in addition to flora cells.
STEP 1: THE CELL
BIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF LIFE. Every living thing is composed of tiny units called cell.
The cell is the basic, structural and functional unit of measurement of life .recall that organism are made upwardly of
1____macromolecules example R north H5N1 & deoxyribonucleic acid ( saccharide , proteins etc )
2____Protoplasm eg cytoSol
3____Organelles eg Mitochondria ,Nucleus
4____Cell eg Blood prison theatre mobile telephone ,epithelial cells , onion cell
5___Tissues eg HYDRA , Bone
6__Organs eg leaf, pump ,bulb
7___Systems eg Digestive ,conducting etc
Every prison theatre mobile telephone is composed of protoplasm in addition to macromolecules which is the organized complex materials of which living things are made
Step 2: prison theatre mobile telephone history
The prison theatre mobile telephone was firstly described past times the British scientist inwards 1665: Robert Hooke . He examined sparse slices of cork nether chemical compound microscope and found that within the cork are tiny picayune chambers or cavities . He saw that similar a dear comb , each sleeping room is enclosed past times a wall . He named the chambers “CELL” .
Though he lost sight of the fact that these chambers were non empty. He is nevertheless credited equally the manlike mortal bring upwardly of cell
FELIX DUJARDIN IN 1835 examined the living piece of flora in addition to discovered the living content .He called it sarcode though after renamed protoplasm by PURKINjE IN 1839
MATHIAS SCHLEiDEN In 1838 discovered the same chambers inwards plants in addition to hence stated that all plants are made of cell
THEODORE SCHWANN Studied the creature parts inwards 1839 in addition to confirmed that all animals are made of prison theatre mobile telephone
RUDOLPH VIRCHOW in the 1855 inwards his research straightaway concluded that all prison theatre mobile telephone come upwardly from preexisting cells this implies that solely i prison theatre mobile telephone gave ascent to the multifariousness of cells inwards animals and inwards plants.
The regain of these Eminent scientist today receive got been compiled into what is known equally the cell theory
Step3 CELL THEORY
The statements set together equally the prison theatre mobile telephone theory were statements from serial of findings done past times many scientists. Beginning from HOOKE TO VIRCHOW
ALL plants are made of cell
ALL animals are made of cell
OR
(1) All living things are made upwardly of cell
(2) All cells comes from preexisting cells
(3) The prison theatre mobile telephone is the structural in addition to functional unit of measurement of life
A perfect agreement of the construction in addition to organization of the prison theatre mobile telephone volition aid us sympathise the business office of diverse cells.. The chemical compound microscope is the musical instrument used for their intrinsic study.
STEP 4: FORMS IN WHICH CELLS EXIST
Cells exists inwards unlike forms.
Some equally independent cells others equally colony
Three forms has been identified viz
1. As independent cell. Examples are amoeba, paramecium, euglena, plasmodium etc
2. As filament trial spirogyra
3. As colony examples volvox
STUDENTS TO OBSERVE AND DRAW EACH MEMBER OF THE ABOVE GROUPS
Step 5: prison theatre mobile telephone construction in addition to function
Cytologist; using the electron microscope receive got revealed that the prison theatre mobile telephone is comprised of 2 principal parts
___ Cytoplasm
___The nucleus
Activity : Students to engage inwards private report in addition to drawing of the creature in addition to flora cell
EVALUATION:
1. DEFINE H5N1 CELL
2. MENTION ANY THREE SCIENTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELL THEORY
3. STATE THE CELL THEORY
Step 1: prison theatre mobile telephone construction continues
Both flora in addition to creature prison theatre mobile telephone receive got these inwards common.
The cytoplasm is bounded past times membranes inwards animals in addition to inwards flora prison theatre mobile telephone . This membrane is called the CELL MEMBRANE OR PLASmaMEMBRANE . In flora prison theatre mobile telephone nevertheless , this membrane is farther strengthened past times a prison theatre mobile telephone wall which gives rigidity to the flora prison theatre mobile telephone .
The Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance which suspends tiny cellular construction called organelles. The motion of the cytoplasm called cytoplasmic streaming helps to move materials exactly about in addition to causes central of materials between the cytoplasm in addition to organelles
FUNCTIONS
The cytoplasm suspends prison theatre mobile telephone inclusions
It helps inwards the motion in addition to central of materials inwards the cell
NUCLuES : CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
All eukaryotic cells receive got diverse organelles that business office inwards i way or the other .They include
____Mitochondrion :The mitochondria (plural) is the unloose energy producing unit of measurement of the prison theatre mobile telephone .It is made upwardly of 2(two) membranes .The outer smoothen membrane in addition to The inner fossil oil membrane . The inner membrane is thrown into folds called CRISTAE. This cristae divides the inner space into 2 spaces .The outer infinite is the “intermembrane “space containing hydrogen ions (H+)used for electron transportation . the inner compartment is called the “MATRIX” containing the oxidative phosphorylative enzymes .the mitochondria uses the surface R north H5N1 to synthesize proteins close of which are encoded past times the mitochondria D north H5N1 (this way that the mitochondria has its ain D north A) it is because of the powerfulness of these enzymes to exercise hydrogen ion in addition to electrons to brand H5N1 T P that is said to live the powerfulness theatre of a prison theatre mobile telephone
DIAGRAM OF H5N1 MITOCHONORIA 140,000
Functions: The mitochondria is the centre for cellular respiration in addition to metabolism
It is the centre for synthesis of ATP from H5N1 D P
RIBOSOMES The ribosomes are tiny fossil oil organelles attached to the surface of endoplasmic reticulum or suspended inwards the cytoplasm .they incorporate RNA in addition to synthesized proteins . they lack membranes so are called non-membrane bond organelles .Ribosome containing RNA are called RIBOSOMAL RNA.
Each ribosome has 2 units viz
____Small subunit
_____ Large subunit
Some ribosome are complimentary in addition to some are bound. free ribosome synthesize proteins inwards the cytoplasm to b used in that location
Bound ribosome found on fossil oil endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins to live exported out of the prison theatre mobile telephone
Functions :
It functions inwards the synthesis of proteins past times joining of amino acid sequences
LYSOSOMES: Are infinitesimal in addition to rounded sacs that houses hydrolytic enzymes .they are component subdivision of what nosotros called membranous vesicles. sometimes they pinch off from the golgi body. Other vesicles include peroxisomes. Their jobis to lyse or breakdown complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids in addition to nucleic acids. Peroxisomes breakdown alcohol into H2O in addition to oxygen.
FUNCTIONS:
They destroy worn out cells in addition to digest them.
They aid inwards degrading degenerating tissues inwards evolution in addition to growth eg.tail of polliwog changing to toad
They aid to destroy in addition to digest bacteria cells in addition to other unusual bodies inwards the cell.
They are component subdivision of the defense forcefulness scheme of white blood cells.
NUCLeuS
The nucleus is the oculus of activity of the cell. It contains the genetic materials needed for reproduction. The nucleus is jump past times a membrane called nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope. Within the nucleus is a tiny nucleus called nucleolus. The nucleolus incorporate RNA for making templates for poly peptide synthesis.
Within the nucleus are genetic materials called chromosomes. These chromosomes carry the genes which incorporate the deoxyribonucleic acid for heredity
FUNCTIONS:
The nucleus command the activity of the cell
It contains genetic materials necessary for inheritance
It contains materials for prison theatre mobile telephone division
Its membrane controls the passage of deoxyribonucleic acid into the cytoplasm
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
The endoplasmic ret is component subdivision of the scheme called the cytomembrane system. In creature cells the ER continues with the nuclear membrane. Two type s of ER introduce depending on whether it contains ribosome or not.
The fossil oil ER
The smoothen ER
The fossil oil ER is stacked with ribosome hence looks rough. Each ER is a stack of flattened sacs with many ribosome attached.
The smoothen ER lack ribosome hence smooth
FUNCTIONS
Rough endoplasmic ret is abundant inwards the pancreas. It is involved inwards the synthesis of proteins.
Smooth ER is abundant inwards the liver in addition to inwards seeds. It functions inwards the synthesis of lipids
Golgi bodies: these are tubular double membrane scheme which resembles stacks of pancakes. The tips sometimes bulge in addition to break-off to shape vesicles for packaging.it is too a fellow member of the cytomembrane system.
Functions: helps inwards packaging in addition to carry of materials synthesized inwards the cell.
Because of its business office inwards the cell, it is nicknamed the POSTMASTER of the cell.
PLASTIDS:
PLASTIDS are organelles that specializes inwards photosynthesis in addition to storage. They are principally found inwards plants in addition to protists. The close of import plastids inwards plants are the
_CHLOROPLAST
_ CHROMOPLAST
_LEUCOPLAST OR AMYLOPAST
Chloroplasts incorporate greenish pigments called chlorophyll
Chromoplasts incorporate coloured pigments called carotenoids responsible for the red-yellow colors of carrots, berries etc.
Amyloplast lack pigments but oft shop starch eg potatoes in addition to tubers
CHLOROPLAST: the chloroplast is the oculus for photosynthesis inwards greenish plants. It has 2 membranes. The outer membrane is doubled. The inner membrane is called the thylakoid membrane containing a serial of disc-like stacked compactments. These compactments are called granum. The infinite within is the stroma where CO2 in addition to hydrogen ion from H2O combine to shape refined saccharify in addition to carbohydrates. The thylakoid membrane houses NADP in addition to ADP for the low-cal phase of photosynthesis.
Step 2: creature in addition to flora cells
| | Animal cell | Plant cell |
| Cell wall | absent | present |
| chloroplast | absent | present |
| Shape | flexible | rigid |
| Food vacuole | Little or absent | Large in addition to present |
| Food storage | Stores nutrient equally glycogen | Stores nutrient equally starch |
MAIN TOPIC: THE CELL AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
SUB TOPIC: DIFFUSION
a. Define diffusion
b. State the factors that demeanor upon the charge per unit of measurement of diffusion
c. State the biological significance of diffusion inwards nature
d. Conduct elementary experiments to demonstrate diffusion
STEP 1: DEFINITION of DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the motion of molecules from the portion of higher concentration to the portion of lower concentration. It is the internet motion of molecules within a gas or liquid from the portion of higher concentration to the portion of lower concentration. It is the motion of molecules downward a concentration slope until an equilibrium is reached. Diffusion occur because molecules are inwards a the world of constant motion, they collide with each other causing each molecule to displace farther apart
STEP 2: FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION
According to Fick’s police of diffusion,
1. Difference inwards concentration
2. Temperature
3. Molecular size/ surface area
4. State of matter
These are the factors that demeanor upon diffusion.
STUDENTS TO ENGAGE IN GROUP DISCUSSION TO SUGGEST HOW THESE FACTORS AFFECT THE RATE OF DIFFUSION
IMBIBITION/DIFFUSION in addition to biological significance
Sometimes, some tissues allow H2O to displace into them so that they increment inwards volume equally a resultant of interaction betwixt them in addition to the molecules of water. Such is called imbibitions. This phenomenom is the argue why wooden doors travel hard to opened upwardly inwards moisture weather.
It is too the argue why edible bean seeds swell when placed inwards water.
Diffusion aids inwards
a. Translocation of nutrient inwards plants
b. Movement of H2O molecules in addition to mineral salts from the soil to the beginning in addition to to other parts of the plant.
c. In central of gases during photosynthesis
d. In central of gases inwards the lungs, gills in addition to peel of vertebrates
e. Movement of digested nutrient from the villi of the modest intestine into the blood.
f. Exchange of nutrients betwixt the woman bring upwardly ans the unborn babe inwards the placenta.
g. Removal of excretory products inwards unicellular organisms.
STEP 4: EXPERIMENT TO DEMOSTRATE DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS
Students to follow the directives of the instructor to investigate the occurrence of diffusion inwards liquids
SUB TOPIC: OSMOSIS
a. Define osmosis
b. Demonstrate an experiment to demo osmosis inwards both living in addition to non living tissues
c. State the trial of osmosis inwards unlike solutions
d. State the biological significance of osmosis inwards life
e. Describe active transport, endocytosis in addition to exocytosis
STEP 1: STEP 4: OSMOSIS
Osmosis is the motion of H2O molecules from the portion of lower concentration of common salt to the portion of higher concentration of common salt through a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmotic solutions are inwards 3 forms namely
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
A elementary equation for solutions is given equally
SOLUTION = SOLVENT + SOLUTE
HENCE An isotonic solution is a solution whose solute concentration is equal to its solvent concentration
Hypotonic solutions receive got the solute concentration lower than the solvent concentration.
While hypertonic solution has to a greater extent than solute than solvent.
Osmosis thus tin occur inwards either way depending on the type of solution. Hence nosotros tin speak of
EXOSMOSIS AND ENDOSMOSIS. HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS CAUSES ENDOSMOSIS. Here H2O catamenia into the prison theatre mobile telephone since it has a higher solute concentration than the solution. The prison theatre mobile telephone gets turgid in addition to swell. Beyond the elastic capacity of the cell, it bursts opened upwardly to release the H2O or the prison theatre mobile telephone contents.
In isotonic solution, in that location is no internet motion of H2O molecules. They are at osmotic equilibrium.
Hypertonic solutions allow the motion of H2O molecules from the prison theatre mobile telephone to the solution since the solution has to a greater extent than common salt concentration than the cell. Therefore the prison theatre mobile telephone looses H2O until it becomes flaccid in addition to finally PLASMOLYSED.
A semi permeable membrane allows solely solvent molecules to overstep through it. It selects in addition to allow partial motion of for sure molecules through it hence the call PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE(IGCSE)
STEP 2: demonstrating osmosis inwards living tissues.
Students are provided with tubers of yam in addition to instructed to cutting transversly in addition to peel. H5N1 modest hole is dug inwards the yam piece using the scoop provided. Each grouping is to add together common salt into the hole in addition to sit down the piece of yam inwards a beaker of H2O in addition to allow to correspond some hours. Students to tape the grade of H2O inwards the yam every threescore minutes for 24 hours in addition to exercise the information collected to plot a graph.
STEP 3: ACTIVE TRANSPORT
THIS IS THE MOVEMENT OF SOLUTE molecules from the portion of lower concentration to the portion of higher concentration using energy. Here molecules of solute displace upwardly against a concentration gradient.
Movement of nutrients in addition to ions inwards the trunk is achieved via active transport.
Sometimes large molecules of liquid in addition to solutes are transported exterior the cell. This is called EXOCYTOSIS. When transported into the cell becomes ENDOCYTOSIS. PHAGOCYTOSIS, PINNICYTOSIS AND RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS are all forms of endocytosis.
STEP 4: significance
In plants, osmosis aids absorption of H2O inwards the roots.
It is responsible for the opening in addition to closing of stomata
It aids the motion of H2O across cells of the cortex
In animals, it aids the reabsorption of H2O inwards the kidney
Reabsorption of H2O inwards the large intestine
Intake of H2O past times unicellular organisms
LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK 9/10
MAIN TOPIC: PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL
SUB TOPIC: NUTRITION/CELLULAR RESPIRATION
e. Define nutrition
f. State the importance of foods to the trunk
g. Enumerate some modes of nutrition inwards organisms
h. Define respiration
i. Differentiate betwixt cellular respiration in addition to external respiration.
j. Write equations to demo cellular respiration inwards both plants in addition to animals
k. Describe glycolysis
l. Describe KREB’S cycle
STEP 1: DEFINITION of nutrition
Nutrition is defined but equally the human activity of feeding. It is the whole human activity that involves what, how in addition to why it feeds on that selection of food. It deals with what the organism does with the nutrient that it has taken. Food is whatever chemic meat taken past times an organism which nourishes in addition to render basic nutrients needed past times an organism to survive. Nutrients are derived from nutrient when broken down. The classes of nutrient in addition to their functions are enumerated below.
CARBOHYDRATES: render energy, helps to shape a salubrious body, roughages assistance digestion in addition to complimentary bowl movement
PROTEINS: enhances growth, repair of worn out tissues,aids salubrious trunk formation,
FATS: render heath in addition to warmth for the body, helps to insulate the body, provides option shape of energy
WATER: assistance inwards digestion, prevents constipation
VITAMINS: aid to combact diseases, render co- factors for trunk functions
STEP 2: TYPES OF NUTRITION
Organisms feed inwards unlike ways in addition to on unlike things.
Two of import modes of nutrition are
AUTOTROPHIC MODE
HETEROTROPHIC MODE
Plants are said to live autotrophic because they tin industry their nutrient using either low-cal or chemic substances inwards the soil. Hence nosotros may speak of
Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
Heterotrophic modes of nutrition include
Holozoic mode(herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous in addition to scavenging )
Holophytic mode(saprophytic, parasitic, insectivorous)
STUDENTS TO ENGAGE IN GROUP DISCUSSION TO SUGGEST organisms that engage inwards this modes of feeding.
STEP 3: TEACHER PRESENTS THE LEARNERS WITH YEAST AND MOULD FEEDING ON BREAD, ASKS THE LEARNERS TO BRAINSTORM ON THE MECHANISM OF SUCH FEEDING. TEACHER GUIDES THEM TO START THINKING OF THE ROLE OF ENZYMES IN DIGESTION
EVALUATION:
1. What is nutrition
2. State whatever 4 uses of nutrient with trial of the course of didactics of nutrient involved.
3. Make a listing of whatever seven forms or modes of feeding inwards organisms with examples
PERIOD 3 AND 4: FRIDAYS 8.35-9.45
MAIN TOPIC: PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL
SUB TOPIC: RESPIRATION
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: THE STUDENTS UNDERSTOOD THE LESSON ON NUTRITION
SET INDUCTION: students are prepare induced with a pre-class TEEZER equally follows;
1. Define feeding b. what is the fate of the nutrient y'all ate this morning time from the indicate y'all set it inwards your rima oris till afternoon.
2. Why do y'all all of a precipitous prepare a musculus fatigue when y'all are involved inwards strenuous exercise.
Teacher allows the learners to profer suggestions piece he PROBES farther to respiration
STEP 1: RESPIRATION
The nutrient nosotros consume travel through a serial of processes termed digestion where the nutrients are sorted out in addition to sent to the liver for metabolism. Metabolism involves the breaking down(CATABOLISM) in addition to the edifice up(ANABOLISM) processes that occure inwards the trunk inwards guild to create energy. Respiration is commonly of 2 types namely; cellular respiration/ internal respiration in addition to external respiration.
External respiration involves the central of gases betwixt the trunk in addition to its environment. Cellular respiration involves the chemic activities of the prison theatre mobile telephone inwards which glucose is broken downward past times a serial of reactions controlled past times enzymes to release energy. The purpose of this is to release unloose energy for the prison theatre mobile telephone inwards the shape of ATP.
1gm of glucose when fully oxidized yields 16.7kj
1gm of fats “ “ “ ‘” 37.6kj
1gm of protein yields 16.7kj
Cellular respiration occur inwards the prison theatre mobile telephone equally either
GLYCOLYSIS
KREB CYCLE
Glycolysis occur inwards the cytoplasm piece Kreb’s wheel occur inwards the MOTOCHONDRIA.
Therefore internal respiration tin live divided into 2 viz
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
In plants in addition to animals the resultant of aerobic respiration is the same
C6H12O6→6CO2+6H2O+ 38ATP
But the anaerobic resultant varies. In animals lactic acid or PYRUVIC ACID is produced whose accumulation inwards the muscles causes fatigue in addition to cramping
C6H12O6→C3H6O3 +2ATP OR C6H12O6→2CH3CH(OH)COOH+2ATP
IN PLANTS on the other hand, the production is alcohol
C6H12O6→C2H5OH+CO2+2ATP
IN plants this processes of breaking downward glucose or refined saccharify inwards the absence of oxygen is called FERMENTATION. It is a major industrial process.
Hypotonic solutions receive got the solute concentration lower than the solvent concentration.
While hypertonic solution has to a greater extent than solute than solvent.
Osmosis thus tin occur inwards either way depending on the type of solution. Hence nosotros tin speak of
EXOSMOSIS AND ENDOSMOSIS. HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS CAUSES ENDOSMOSIS. Here H2O catamenia into the prison theatre mobile telephone since it has a higher solute concentration than the solution. The prison theatre mobile telephone gets turgid in addition to swell. Beyond the elastic capacity of the cell, it bursts opened upwardly to release the H2O or the prison theatre mobile telephone contents.
In isotonic solution, in that location is no internet motion of H2O molecules. They are at osmotic equilibrium.
Hypertonic solutions allow the motion of H2O molecules from the prison theatre mobile telephone to the solution since the solution has to a greater extent than common salt concentration than the cell. Therefore the prison theatre mobile telephone looses H2O until it becomes flaccid in addition to finally PLASMOLYSED.
A semi permeable membrane allows solely solvent molecules to overstep through it. It selects in addition to allow partial motion of for sure molecules through it hence the call PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE (IGCSE)
STEP 2: demonstrating osmosis inwards living tissues.
Students are provided with tubers of yam in addition to instructed to cutting transversly in addition to peel. H5N1 modest hole is dug inwards the yam piece using the scoop provided. Each grouping is to add together common salt into the hole in addition to sit down the piece of yam inwards a beaker of H2O in addition to allow to correspond some hours. Students to tape the grade of H2O inwards the yam every threescore minutes for 24 hours in addition to exercise the information collected to plot a graph.
STEP 3: ACTIVE TRANSPORT
THIS IS THE MOVEMENT OF SOLUTE molecules from the portion of lower concentration to the portion of higher concentration using energy. Here molecules of solute displace upwardly against a concentration gradient.
Movement of nutrients in addition to ions inwards the trunk is achieved via active transport.
Sometimes large molecules of liquid in addition to solutes are transported exterior the cell. This is called EXOCYTOSIS. When transported into the prison theatre mobile telephone becomes ENDOCYTOSIS. PHAGOCYTOSIS, PINNICYTOSIS AND RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS are all forms of endocytosis.
STEP 4: significance
In plants, osmosis aids absorption of H2O inwards the roots.
It is responsible for the opening in addition to closing of stomata
It aids the motion of H2O across cells of the cortex
In animals, it aids the reabsorption of H2O inwards the kidney
Reabsorption of H2O inwards the large intestine
Intake of H2O past times unicellular organisms
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