SUB TOPIC; ANIMAL NUTRITION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: the students volition live able to
a. Describe the feeding habits inward some organisms
b. Define dentition in addition to dental formula
c. State the adaptations of teeth in addition to jaws to feeding
d. Draw in addition to label the construction of a tooth
STEP 1: dentition refers to the number and scheme of teeth inward an an organism. There are ii types of dentition inward organisms, they are HOMODENT DENTITION AND HETERODENT DENTITION.
HOMODONT: organisms take hold the same sort of teeth in addition to no laid of teeth is specialized for whatsoever function. All the teeth are of the same shape, size in addition to function. Example of such is establish inward FISHES, AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
HETERODONT dentition is possessed past times heterodonts. Animals hither take hold teeth of dissimilar shapes in addition to sizes every bit good every bit functions. Rabbits, goats,man, dogs, pigs etc are called heterodonts. They take hold 4 types of teeth namely: INCISORS, CANINES, PREMOLARS & MOLARS. TYPES OF TEETH inward organisms create upwards one's hear the type of nutrient an organism tin feed on.
Mammals take hold 2 sets of these teeth namely
MILK TEETH
PERMANENT TEETH
20 sets of milk teeth comprising incisors, canine in addition to premolars develop inward immature animals but latter give way for 32 permanent teeth from the historic menstruum of 6years.
INCISORS:
These are located inward front end of the jaws. They are chisel shaped, apartment in addition to sharp.
They are adapted for cutting nutrient in addition to belongings on the prey to avoid escape. They take hold alone i cusp or root. 
CANINE; these are abrupt in addition to pointed at the tips. They are used for biting in addition to fierce flesh. They also take hold i cusp
PREMOLARS: These are located at the dorsum of the jaw next the canine. They take hold large ridged apartment surfaces used for grinding in addition to chewing of food. They take hold 2 cusps.
MOLARS: they are located at extreme dorsum of the jaws. They take hold ridged surfaces amongst 3 cusps. The in conclusion 3 are oft referred to every bit wisdom teeth. They are adapted for chewing, grinding in addition to crushing of food.
Now attempt this.
| teeth | FEATURE | FUNCTION | NUMBER IN MAN | POSITION IN MOUTH |
| CANINE | | | 4 | |
| | FLAT,CHISEL-SHAPED, SHARP | | | |
| | | | 8 | BACK OF JAW |
| | LARGE,RIDGED SUURFACE | CHEWING/GRINDING/CRUSHING | | |
Step 2. STRUCTURE OF THE TOOTH
A typical tooth such every bit the canine or incisors is made upwards of 3 regions; these are
CROWN, NECK, ROOT.
The component subdivision inward a higher identify the paste is the crown. This component subdivision consists of the enamel which is a difficult biting surface secreted past times special calcium tabular array salt containing substances. It protects the dentine in addition to provide a biting surface for food.
THE DENTINE is a living component subdivision of because of the underlying pulp containing blood vessels. It is difficult in addition to protects the pulp.
The pulp cavity is made upwards of connective tissues, capillaries in addition to nerves. These vessels are of import inward the shipping of oxygen in addition to digested substances. At the root region, the tooth is devoid of enamel. Instead a os similar stuff called cement which holds the root firmly amongst the jaw bone.
A fibrous tissue called Periodontal Membrane fixes the tooth into the jaw bone.
Vertical department through the canine/incisors
STEP 3: Dental Formula
Dental formula is the number in addition to types of teeth nowadays inward i one-half of the upper in addition to lower jaws of an animal. This formula varies from i grouping of organism to some other depending on their way of feeding.
Man has
I2/2 C1/1 PM2/2 M3/3 = 8/8 =16 x 2 =32
Herbivores I2/1 PM3/2 M3/3 = 8/6 =14 x 2 =28
The herbivores lack canine teeth hence they take hold a broad infinite called DIASTEMA which increases their storage patch foraging in addition to chewing.
Carnivores: I3/3 C1/1 PM4/4 M2/3 = 10/11 =21 x 2 = 42
Since the repast of a carnivore is generally meat in addition to bone, their dentition is adapted for fierce of flesh in addition to crushing bones. The canines are potent in addition to curved in addition to pointed. They are used to cease in addition to kill prey. The molars in addition to premolars take hold abrupt edges. The jaws displace upwards in addition to downwards every bit the shearing activeness of the premolars in addition to molars chop the nutrient into pieces.
The largest ones are the CANASSIAL teeth formed past times the in conclusion upper premolars in addition to the kickoff lower molars. These are adapted to great bones.
Evaluations
1. Dentition is……………………………………………………………………
2. Now recall the dental formula of
a) man. I. C. PM. M.
b) Sheep. I. C. PM. M
c) dog. I. C. PM. M.
3. MAKE a good labeled diagram of the construction of a named mammalian tooth inward the infinite below
PREP QUESTIONS:
1. Outline 8 ways of caring for the teeth.
2. List 3 diseases of the teeth.
STEP 4:
FEEDING HABITS/MODE OF NUTRITION
Feeding depends on the dentition or modification of rima oris parts.
Nutrition tin be;
1. Autotrophic; which tin be
- Chemosynthetic
- photosynthetic
Photosynthesis had been discussed previously.
2. Heterotrophic nutrition: organisms feed on performed complex nutrient (organic molecules). They cannot brand their ain food. It tin be
- Holozoic; it is farther broken downwards inward to
. herbivores
.carnivores
.omnivores
- Holophytic; it is broken downwards into
.saprophytic
.parasitic
.symbiotic
.insectivorous
Parasitic nutrition: It is a type of nutrition where an organism called a parasite attaches itself to some other called a host to obtain its nutrients at the expense of the host. Parasites include: Endo parasite in addition to Ecto parasite.
Endo parasites alive inward the within of the host in addition to include tapeworms, roundworms, plasmodium etc.
Ectoparasites alive exterior the host in addition to include tick, lice, fleas, bedbugs etc
Some plants are also parasitic. This is because they lack total mightiness to photosynthesize food. Some are total parasites e.g Cassytha filiformis / dodder. Others are partial parasites e.g Mistletoe (aka children’s matches).
They are partial parasites because they tin industry their nutrient but they need- H2O in addition to mineral salts from their host to live able to survive.
ADAPTATIONS OF PLANT PARASITES
1. They take hold suckers haustoria it uses to concur its host in addition to absorb nutrients in addition to H2O from the host.
2. They lack total mightiness to photosynthesize.
3. They bear seeds which are sticky. They attach to the beaks of birds in addition to torso parts of animals.
ANIMAL PARASITES
- They lack wings in addition to do non wing about. Instead some (flea) take hold legs for jumping.
- Their mouthparts are modified for feeding on the host.
- They take hold shapes adapted to their dissimilar habitat.
- They rely on contact to host to displace from host to another.
SYMBIOTIC NUTRITION
Here organisms alive inward unopen association amongst others for to do goodness inward food.
E.g (1) fungus in addition to algae inward lichen
(2) Roots of leguminous plants in addition to symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria.
(3) Cellulose digesting bacteria inward the GIT of herbivores.
(4) Termites in addition to cellulose digesting bacteria
(5) Hermit crab in addition to sea anemone
SAPROPHYTIC MODE
Her organisms feed on dead decaying organic matters. They take hold digestive enzymes that assist to do extracellular digestion. Most fungus (moulds, rhizopus) are saprophytes.
INSECTIVOROUS FEEDING
These are greenish (photosynthetic plants) that supplement their nitrogen render past times catching in addition to digesting little insects. They include VENUS FLY TRAP, BLADDER WORT, PITCHER PLANT. They ordinarily poses a machinery for trapping little animals in addition to insects. 
Evaluation:
Now sort the next every bit parasitic or insectivorous plants.
Mistletoe, dodder, Venus wing trap, Cassytha, pitcher plant, sundew.
PREP QUESTION. 1. Describe the way of feeding of a tapeworm.
State 3 adaptations of the tapeworm to its way of feeding.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
a. define a nutrient chain,food spider web in addition to trophic level
b. depict the flow of release energy in addition to nutrient through the nutrient chain
c. build uncomplicated nutrient chains, nutrient webs in addition to pyramids inward diverse habitats.
Step 1: the life of an organism depends on how much release energy in addition to nutrient they have. This release energy in addition to nutrient must live gotten from the nutrient they eat. Normally nutrient in addition to release energy are transferred inward an ecosystem along diverse pathways next some given patters.
It begins amongst a producer which is eaten past times a primary consumer. The primary consumer is inward turn eaten past times a secondary consumer in addition to and then past times a third consumer . finally the third consumer is converted to inorganic substances past times a decomposer when it dies.each stair along a feeding pathway hence is called a trophic level. Energy in addition to nutrient flow along the trophic marking inward an ecosystem.
A nutrient chain is a linear feeding human relationship that shows the transfer of release energy in addition to nnutrient from i organism to some other inward an ecosystem.
GRASS→ ZEBRA→ LION
Producer/ pri consumer/sec consumer
A nutrient chain shows ii things
a. Path of release energy flow
b. Path of nutrients flow
In a fresh H2O habitat, paramecium may feed on diatoms, a H2O flea may feed on the paramecium in addition to a little fish may feed on the H2O flea. H5N1 bigger fish may feed on the smaller fish etc.
diatoms→ paramecium→ H2O flea→ little fish → large fish
a nutrient chain tin live
PREDATOR-PREY FOOD CHAIN OR
DETRITUS FOOD CHAIN
A detritus nutrient chain begins amongst humus e.g.
humus→ earthworm→ domestic fowl →man
Now usage the organisms below to shape 2 nutrient chains of 4 trophic levels each.
One predator-prey in addition to the other detritus
| Cactus, lizard, serpent , scorpion, rat, millet, meerkat, lion, humus, earthworm, guinea fowl |
One may non disclose an ideal nutrient chain inward nature but at that spot are numerous nutrient chains which complexes every bit a nutrient web.
A nutrient spider web is a complex feeding human relationship consisting of interrelated nutrient chains
Now its possible to brand nutrient webs of dissimilar habitats using organisms that exists inward that habitat. Below is an amazon nutrient web. Use organisms hither to brand your ain nutrient spider web . 
.
. CONSTRUCT YOUR OWN BELOW
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PYRAMIDS: nosotros tin correspond a nutrient chain past times plotting
-Numbers of organisms
-Biomass
-Energy content of the ecosystem
At each trophic level. This graphical representation of the flow of release energy or number or biomass is called ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS. Each trophic marking is represented every bit a horizontal bar inward the pyramid in addition to stacked inward ascending order.
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
This is a graphical representation of the number of individuals at each trophic marking of a nutrient chain at a item time. The length gives an estimate number of individuals at a item trophic level. The number of organisms decreases upwards the pyramid patch the size of the size of the organisms increases 
The shape of a pyramid may alter inward a pelting wood where a few trees provide sufficient nutrient to back upwards numerous little insects in addition to insect eating birds. It may also final result where i of the consumers is a parasite on a preceding consumer e.g. where a tick is a secondary consumer in addition to a moo-cow is a primary consumer.
Such pyramids are called inverted pyramids.
Two major demerits of pyramids of numbers are
…. The producer in addition to consumer vary inward size greatly but each i is given the same status
…. In most nutrient chains the producers are many patch the concluding consumers are few. So it tin non live drawn to scale.
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS ordinarily correspond the total moisture or dry out majority of the organismsin a trophic level. To obtain a biomass, the organisms inward the given expanse of habitat are kickoff counted in addition to weighed, in addition to then the total biomass is obtained from the data. Pyramids of biomass are to a greater extent than accurate since it considers both size in addition to number.
Pyramid of energy shows the charge per unit of measurement at which release energy from the Sun is flowing through the system. Each horizontal bar represents the amount of release energy inward kilojoules inward a given unit of measurement area. The charge per unit of measurement of release energy flow is measured inward KJ/M2/YR. THE ENERGY PYRAMID IS USUALLY UPRIGHT
Now build a pyramid of your ain usin the organisms inward the nutrient chain you lot had ealier constructed
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ENERGY FLOW
Organisms require release energy for all physiological activities such every bit movement, growth, respiration etc. this release energy is obtained from the nutrient they eat. How does the nutrient acquire the release energy stored inward it?
Green plants trap the release energy of the Sun through the physical care for of photosynthesis. They build this release energy into stored release energy inward the moleculesof carbohydrates in addition to into proteins in addition to lipids. This physical care for is called PRIMARY PRODUCTION. It is the conversion of radiant release energy into chemic release energy inward carbohydrates.
The charge per unit of measurement of conversion of radiant release energy into chemic release energy is PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
The amount of primary production remaining inward the industrial plant life after it has undergoneall its physiological activities is the NET PRODUCTION. It is the internet production that is available to consumers. As release energy flow from i trophic marking to another, some component subdivision of the release energy is lost every bit heat
EVALUATION:
Kingfisher
Big fish
Small fish
Tadpole
Phytoplanktons
Use the organisms to construct
a. Pyramid of number
b. Pyramid of biomass
c. Pyramid of energy
MAIN TOPIC: functioning ecosystem
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: the students volition live able to
e. Describe the feeding habits inward some organisms
f. Define dentition in addition to dental formula
g. State the adaptations of teeth in addition to jaws to feeding
h. Draw in addition to label the construction of a tooth
ENERGY TRANSFORMATION IN NATURE
The Sun is the ultimate source of release energy inward our ecosystem. Green plants have the sun’s release energy during photosynthesis, this solar release energy they convert to chemic release energy inward the saccharide molecules stored inward them. But interestingly alone 10% of the total release energy of the Sun that reaches our ecosystem is trapped past times greenish plants. This amount of release energy trapped passes through nutrient chains in addition to nutrient webs to attain the consumers. Only a little amount soundless acquire to the consumers patch the relaxation is lost every bit heat. There is a progressive loss of release energy at each trophic marking which is the major determinant of the confine of the total weight of living thing at each trophic level.
Energy exists inward dissimilar forms that are interconvertible. This transformation of release energy is governed past times the laws of thermodynamics
1st police of thermodynamics: this police states that release energy tin neither created nor destroyed but tin live converted from i shape to another.
2nd police of thermodynamics: states that at whatsoever conversion of release energy from i shape to another, at that spot is ever a decrease inward the amount of useful release energy every bit a final result of some release energy loss every bit heat. It tin also live the world that no transformation of release energy from i shape to some other is 100% efficient. This is because of oestrus loss.
Step 2.energy loss inward the ecosystem
These laws tin live used to explicate the phenomena nosotros take hold before explained:
Food chain: release energy generated through the Sun is transferred to consumers from the producers. Green plants trap in addition to shop the solar release energy every bit chemic release energy in addition to the plants transfer this release energy to primary consumers every bit kinetic release energy in addition to finally they transfer the release energy to concluding consumers. In all the total release energy stay constant.
Second police explains that every bit this transfer is progressing from i trophic marking to another, component subdivision of it is lost every bit heat. This shows that no release energy transfer is 100% efficient.
PYRAMID OF ENERGY:
THE ENERGY OF THE PRODUCER AT The base of operations of the pyramid is higher in addition to it is gradually transformed from i shape to some other inward the consumers upwards the pyramid. But inward all the total release energy remains constant.
The progressive drib inward the amount of every bit nosotros displace upwards the pyramid from i trophic marking to some other is a present that some release energy is lost a oestrus every bit the interconversion continues.
ENERGY FLOW
As the solar release energy is transformed inward the producers to useful energy, at that spot is a progressive flow of this release energy from i trophic marking to another, from producer to consumers in addition to so on. This shows that release energy flow is alone inward i direction. Second police shows that at that spot is a drib inward the amount of useful release energy at each trophic marking because the release energy inward the preceding marking is non completely transferred. at that spot are also fewer organisms at each successive marking because the amount of useful release energy available tin alone back upwards fewer organisms.
Evaluations
3. Draw a uncomplicated diagram to present whatsoever 4 interconversion of release energy inward your environment
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PREP QUESTIONS:
3. State the kickoff in addition to 2nd laws of thermodynamics
4. Using the 1st in addition to 2nd laws of thermodynamics explicate
a. Food chain b. pyramid of release energy c. release energy flow
nutrient cycle
What is Nutrient Cycle?
As release energy flow is unidirectional, it is constantly supplied past times the Sun from exterior the ecosystem. Inorganic nutrients ask non live supplied from exterior because they tin live recycled within the ecosystem.
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen in addition to H2O are the original nutrient necessary for the maintenance of life. The cycling of these nutrients is brought close past times physical, chemic in addition to biological processes. The nutrient cycles are delicately balanced inward nature but are upset past times human activities causing many biological problems. These cycles are also called biochemical cycles.
CARBON CYCLE
Carbon cycle is defined every bit the physical care for which brings close the circulation of carbon establish inward the organic molecules of living things. This carbon is derived from co2 inward air or the bicarbonate ions dissolved inward water.
Carbon is establish inward the abiotic environment
· In the remains of living organism
· As fossil fuels such every bit coal, coke in addition to natural gas
· As inward organic salts such every bit carbonates, chalk, marble in addition to corals
· In H2O bodies
· As the gas co2 which makes upwards 0.03% of air
Carbon is hence continually beingness removed in addition to added dorsum to the co2 inward atmosphere.
PROCESSES
1. Photosynthesis
2. Respiration
3. Decomposition
4. Combustion
5. Volcanic eruption/weathering
6. Fossilization
Photosynthesis: By agency of photosynthesis, greenish plants extract co2 from the atmosphere, incorporates it into refined saccharify in addition to other complex organic compounds which brand upwards the industrial plant life tissue.
During feeding, the plants are eaten past times animals which convert them to beast tissues.
Respiration: Animals during external respiration release CO2 into the air, plants also release CO2 during aerobic respiration past times sure as shooting plants.
Combustion: During burning of plants in addition to animals, the CO2 is released dorsum into the air.
Decomposition: When plants in addition to animals die, decomposers interruption the remains in addition to release the carbon from the complex carbon molecules into the atmosphere.
Volcanic Eruption: When volcanoes erupt, underground deposit of fossils that take hold carbon locked upwards inward organic compounds are brought to the surface in addition to released into the atmosphere every bit gaseous products.
IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE
1. The carbon compounds are the vehicles through which release energy flow within the ecosystem.
2. Carbon is of import because it is the original chemical element that makes upwards complex organic compounds which are rich inward release energy that was originally obtained from the Sun through photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis, respiration in addition to decay are of import processes inward the lives of organisms ensuring that carbon is recycled.
Carbon dioxide plays of import role inward the rule of the temperature of the surface of the world gets to the atmosphere. It is absorbed past times carbon dioxide in addition to it radiated dorsum to the earth, thus warming the earth. This is the “GREEN HOUSE EFFECT”.
Carbon cycle is the contrary oxygen cycle. Thus, patch photosynthesis give out O2 to the environment, photosynthesis take away CO2 from the environment.
CO2 IN AIR
RESPIRATION COMBUSTION
DECOMPOSERS DECOMPOSITION
FEEDING BY SAPROPHYTE RESPIRATION WOOD COAL 
PHOTOSYNTHESIS HUMUS FOSSILIZATION 
VOLCANIC ERUPTION DEATH AND DECAY 
GREEN PLANTS FEEDING ANIMALS CARBON CYCLE
Step 2: OXYGEN AND WATER CYCLE:
Oxygen cycle is the pathway through which oxygen circulates inward nature. Water cycle is the pathway through which H2O circulates inward nature. The release energy required to drive this cycles is from the sun.processes that brand oxygen in addition to H2O available are shown below
Now do the following. Deduce from the pictures of H2O in addition to oxygen cycles the major 6 processes involved inward the circulation of the two.
Water oxygen
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
IMPORTANCE OF WATER CYCLE
Water constitute close 90% of the protoplasm of living things
50% of blood is H2O in addition to 90% of plasma is water
Water is essential for digestion of food
It is of import inward the excretion of waste
Water serves every bit a universal solvent
Mineral salts inward H2O are useful for growth
Without H2O metabolic reactions volition non accept place
Hormones in addition to enzymes ask H2O to circulate.
CONSTRUCT oxygen in addition to carbon cycles below using 2 colors of ink to differentiate them
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Prep questions: 1. Describe the carbon cycle. 2. State 5 importance of H2O cycle inward nature
3 . what 3 ecological problems volition live observed if the carbon cycle is disrupted
Home work: define in addition to utter over the importance of decomposition inward nature
MAIN TOPIC: relevance of biological scientific discipline to agriculture
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: the students volition live able to
a. Define agriculture
b. Relate biological scientific discipline in addition to agriculture
c. Classify plants agriculturally
d. State the relevance of soil to agriculture
RELEVANCE OF BIOLOGY TO AGRICULTURE
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?
To exercise agriculture, a basic cognition of biological scientific discipline is of import since biological scientific discipline deals amongst the life of plants in addition to animals. Such cognition as;
- The structure, business office in addition to nutrition of animals in addition to plants.
- Diseases affecting plants in addition to animals in addition to their causative agents
- Ecological systems
- Soil in addition to genetics
Agriculture hence is the tillage of biological components.
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
Plants are the most of import parts of agriculture since they are the source of nutrient for animals. Plants may hence live classified on the bans of;
a) Botanical classification
b) Agricultural uses
c) Duration of life
BOTANICAL
Higher plants autumn broadly into 2 major groups;
A) Flowering plants - Angiosperms
B) Non flowering plants - Gymnosperms
Plants autumn nether the kingdom plantae. These segment take hold been treated inward term 1
To note: phylum – Thallophyta
-Bryophyta
-Tracheophyta
-Thallophyta: This includes classes of algae having colours ranging from green, cherry-red , brown. They are photosynthetic because they contain the green, cherry-red in addition to brownish photosynthetic pigments necessary for photosynthesis. They lack conducting tissues hence real primitive.
-Bryophyta: These include the liverworts, hornworts in addition to the mosses. They grow inward damp places on the world in addition to exhibit an alternation of generation where H2O is essential for fertilization.
-Tracheophyta: These are vascular plants since they take hold vessels for conducting H2O in addition to food. They include the ferns (pteridophyte), gymnospermia (naked seed plants) in addition to angiosperms (flowering plants).
Botanical classification is based on structure, business office in addition to evolutionary trend. This is non specially useful to a farmer.
BASED ON LIFE CYCLE
Based on life cycles, plants are grouped under
- Annuals
- Bi annuals
- Perennials
- Ephemerals
Annuals consummate their life cycle within i growing flavour e.g maize, rice, wheat, beans, flax, jute in addition to sunflower.
Bi annuals consummate their life cycle within ii growing seasons. They shop nutrient within the kickoff flavour in addition to usage it within the 2nd flavour to make flowers, fruits in addition to seeds e.g cabbage, raddish turnips.
Perennials: These take hold their life cycle completed beyond ii years . They move on to grow from twelvemonth to twelvemonth producing flowers, fruits in addition to seeds. They include trees, shrub in addition to herb e.g fossil oil palm, kokosnoot palm, ginger etc.
Ephemerals: These plants consummate their life within 3 to 4 months. They take hold real brusk life spans e.g tomatoes, melon, H2O melons.
AGRICULTURAL CLASSIFICATION
This classification is to a greater extent than relevant to agriculture. Plants are grouped based on the products for which they are grown for. They include;
A) Cereals: These include the grass family. They are grown for their grains e.g maize, rice, millet, corn, sorghum etc.
B) Legumes: They are of import source of dietary proteins in addition to shape encompass cropping. They are useful inward crop rotation. They include beans, cowpea, soya bean, fossil oil bean, lima bean, yam edible bean etc.
C) Root crops: Grown mainly for food/starch. They shape the staple nutrient of the people of many countries e.g cassava, yam, sweetness potatoes.
D) Vegetables: Grown to render dietary vitamins in addition to sure as shooting minerals. They provide roughages for our diet e.g tomatoes, okro, onion, pumpkin, spinach etc.
E) Fruits: They are rich sources of vitamins hence they are grown for their fruits e.g mango, orange, pawpaw etc.
F) Beverages/drugs: These plants are grown for their nutrient drinks in addition to medicinal values. Beverages include cocoa, java etc in addition to drugs include cocoa, tobacco, quinine. They are values for their stimulating effects also.
G) Spices: These are special vegetable crops used or grown mainly for their flavors e.g pepper, ginger, cinnamon etc.
H) Oils: These crops are grown for their rich fossil oil reserve e.g fossil oil palm, Shea butter, coconut, sunflower, castor oil.
I) Forage crops: These are grasses in addition to legumes grown for feed for beast e.g centrosema, carpet grass etc.
J) Latex: Some crops e.g rubbers are grown mainly for their latex (white milky fluid oozing out from the bark when cutting open). This fluid is used to brand natural rubber.
K) Fibres: Plants such every bit jute, hemp, in addition to cotton fiber are grown for their fibers which is used for making ropes in addition to cloths.
Evaluation
1) Define agriculture
2) State 2 relevance of biological scientific discipline to agriculture
3) Classify the next plants into their diverse agricultural in addition to botanical groups;
Cotton, jute, rubber, elephant grass, Shea butter, cinnamon, coffee, ginger, guava, mosses, mango, okro, yam, cassava, ferns, spirogyra, millet, Sargasso, beans, iroko.
Step 2.
RELEVANCE OF SOIL TO AGRICULTURE
Soil is real of import inward agriculture. It provides anchorage for plants, render H2O in addition to mineral salts essential for industrial plant life growth. Since animals depend on plants for food, they depend on soil.
Soil is formed past times a gradual breakdown of rocks into little pieces. It consists of soil particles, organic matter, air, water, mineral salts in addition to soil organic matter. Soil particles attain inward size from
2.00mm in addition to above--- Stone in addition to gravel
0.20mm- 2.00mm----coarse sand
0.020mm-0.20mm----fine sand
0.002mm-0.020mm----silt
< 0.002mm-----clay
Soil is made upwards of top soil, sub soil in addition to rocks. H5N1 vertical department shows such profile. In agriculture, 3 types of soil are useful;
-sandy soil
-loamy soil
-clay soil
Sometimes, soil gradually wears away its top soil past times activeness of wind, running H2O or ice. This is called soil erosion. This affects the growth of plants in addition to the economic scheme of the nation. Erosion is ordinarily due to
--- bad farming practices e.g overgrazing
---continuous cropping without fallowing
---deforestation
---bush burning etc
Prevention tin live by
. planting air current breaks
. afforestation
. goodness farming practices
. terracing
. contour ploughing
. encompass cropping etc
Soil is characterized based on the types
| PROPERTIES | SANDY SOIL | LOAMY SOIL | CLAY SOIL |
| Humus content | little | abundant | - |
| Soil texture | More sand | Equal sand/ clay/silt | Clay>silt>sand |
| Soil structure | No crumps | Abundant crumps | Heavy crumps |
| Water retention | low | moderate | Water logged |
| fertility | Not fertile | Adequately fertile | Less fertile |
| aeration | Well aerated | Well aerated | Less aerated |
Spot evaluation
State 5 importance of soil to agriculture
Classify orange, Lycopersicon esculentum in addition to cassava tuber nether life cycle, agric classification in addition to botanical classification
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON THE ECOSYSTEM
An ecosystem consists of communities of plants in addition to animals in addition to decomposers that interact amongst i some other in addition to amongst their non living components. Their interaction results inward a stable in addition to balanced community capable of self support. This remainder is past times human being through diverse activities in addition to most importantly, agricultural practices. In monastic enjoin to grow crops, the the world is ordinarily cleared of its natural vegetation, the soil is tilled in addition to crops planted. Fertilizers are applied, pesticides in addition to herbicides sprayed in addition to other practices such every bit bush burning, grazing, angling in addition to hunting all take hold some effects on the natural ecosystem.
1) Bush clearing - varnishing of the natural ecosystem( desertification)
-erosion
2) Bush burning -destruction of industrial plant life communities
-destruction of beast communities
-migration of animals
-destruction of soil humus in addition to micro organism inward the soil
-exposure of the world to high sun
-erosion
-damage of the soil
-deforestation inward West Africa
3) Tillage -increase H2O absorption capacity of soil
-improve soil aeration
-remove weeds
-erosion
-damage to soil due to exposure
4) Fertilizers application
- eutrophication
- loss of organic humus
- deterioration of soil structure
- decrease inward porosity in addition to permeability of soil
5) Pesticides/herbicides -destruction of beneficial organism
-elimination of pollinators
-destruction of biological organisms involved inward pest control
e.g pray mantis
-accumulation of pesticides inward the torso of consumers inward
toxic levels e.g dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane since most are non biodegradable
step2: EFFECTS OF FARMING METHODS
Shifting cultivation
This is a traditional shape of agricultural exercise inward the torrid zone in addition to subtropics. It is a method inward
which a farmer clears an expanse of land, burn downwards in addition to industrial plant life to a greater extent than than i type of crop on it until the soil nutrient is depleted inward ii to 4 years in addition to then he abandons the farm amongst no intention of returning to it. This is practiced past times subsistence farmers.
Effects: It allows the soil to find its fertility after some years.
Land Rotation/Bush Fallow
This is a modified shape of shifting tillage also called bush fallow. Here the farmer cultivates a slice of the world until the fertility decreases. He allows the the world to live fallow for some years to allow the humus to live formed dorsum to restore the soil fertility.
Effects: It is uneconomical in addition to wasteful inward the stage of a teaming population who needs to live provided amongst food. The soil is non allowed plenty fourth dimension to find its fertility hence its gradual harm of the soil.
Crop Rotation
Here the exercise is such that the same slice of the world is cultivated twelvemonth after twelvemonth but amongst crops inward a defined order. The farmer arranges the sequence inward such a way that shallow rooted crops follow deep rooted crops. Plants probable to the same nutrients are non planted together, crops probable to live affected past times the same pest in addition to diseases should non follow each other. Legumes are included inward the rotation order.
Effects: - It ensures the retention of soil fertility
- facilitates the command of weeds, pests in addition to diseases
- allows for continuous cropping
Other farming methods include;
- Pastoral farming
- Fishing in addition to hunting
- Mixed farming
- Mono cropping in addition to monoculture
EVALUATION
1) State 5 importance of soil to agriculture
2) State whatsoever 4 agricultural activities
3) In a tabular form, the world the characteristics of loamy, sandy in addition to clay soil
4) Describe the final result of the next farming methods
A) Bush burning
B) Tillage
Home work: depict EUTROPHICATION nether the next heading
a. Definition b. causes c. effects d. remedies
Topic: micro Organisms
learning objectives:
By the halt of these lessons the students should live able to
(a) Define micro-organisms
(b) Identify the groups of micro-organisms
(c) State where micro-organisms tin live fined
(d) Explain the concept of civilization
(e) Demonstrate the presence of micro – organisms inward our bodies
(f) Explain ways inward which microbes move inward the torso
(g) Mention diverse carriers of microbes
(h) State at to the lowest degree 10 beneficial effects of micro-organism
(i) Classify diverse illness into the groups of causative agents
(j) State at to the lowest degree 6 ways of controlling micro- organism
(k) Explain ways of maintaining world heath
(l) State the roles of diverse wellness organizations inward maintenance of health
CD 1: what are Micro-organism
Step 1: Micro-organisms are tiny organism that cannot live seen amongst the naked eyes except past times the usage of microscope. The branch of biological scientific discipline that deals amongst the study of micro-organisms is microbiology. Micro-organisms are establish everywhere. Some are harmful in addition to some are beneficial. When they drive illness they are called germs. They tin also live called microbes for short. Germs are microbes that are harmful in addition to so are said to live pathogenic
Step 2: groups of microbes
All microbes are grouped into 5 groups
(a) Bacteria
(b) Viruses
(c) Protozoa
(d) Fungi
(e) Algal
Bacteria tin easily live seen amongst a uncomplicated microscope the uncomplicated microscope way was kickoff built past times Leewenhock who also is said to live the begetter of micro-organisms.
Bacteria are classified inward price of their shape every bit follows
(a) Rod shaped – Baccillus e.g salmonella typhi
(b) Spherical shaped – Cocci e.g staphylococcus
(c) Comma shaped – Vibro e.g Vibro cholera
(d) Spiral shaped – spirillum eg syphilis
When Bacillus is inward twos, it is diplobacillus
When cocci is inward twos it is diplococcus
When inward chains it is called streptococcus bacillus
A bacteria has the shape of a prokaryote
Viruses tin alone live seen amongst election microscope. They are the tiniest in addition to sometimes may carry similar non living things when exterior the torso of a living organisms. Some are deoxyribonucleic acid viruses patch others are RNA viruses.
Protozoa: these are microscopes gratis living unicellular organisms. Some are parasitic patch others are symbiotic eg include paramecium, amoeba, plasmodium, trypanosome.
Fungi: these ones are saprophytic non greenish plants. Some may live parasitic eg rhizopus, band worm, mushroom etc.
Algae: these are microscopic greenish plants in addition to chlorophyll containing organisms. Eg. spirogyra, chlamydomonas, volvox, Nostocs.
Step 3: where tin nosotros disclose them?
Micro-organisms tin live establish inward our bodies, inward the surround in addition to everywhere around us.
In our bodies they tin live establish inward our mouth, inward expired air, nether the finger nails, inward the nutrient nosotros eat.
In the soil, air, water, our cloths in addition to on the surface around us.
Step 4: concept culture
Culture is the special technique of growing micro-organisms inward special media inward the laboratory. In culturing, i require an aseptic technique to live able to grow microbes a goodness civilization technique require the following.
§ Media (nutrient filled surface to cultivate the organisms)
§ Petri-dishes (sterile plates or containers for the nutrient)
§ Test tubes in addition to text tubes holders
§ Slides
§ Microscope
§ Inoculating rod in addition to crop
§ Hand lens
§ Cover slips
§ Autoclave
§ Gas flame
§ Incubator
The demonstration of how they piece of employment is the dependent land of our practical class.
Step 4: identification of micro organisms inward our bodies (this stair volition live done inward the laboratory)
The next procedures are taken to demonstrate that microbes abound inward our bodies.
Five petridishes amongst civilization medium are caballed
A B C D E F
“A is exposed to our for 10-15 minutes
“B” is inoculated amongst a drib of H2O from a ditch / pond
“C” is inoculated amongst extracts from the mouth
“D” is inoculated amongst exhaled air from the nose
“E” is inoculated amongst dirt from nether the nails
“F” is inoculated amongst the sterile wire loop
Each of the petridishes is pose inward an incubator in addition to incubated for 24hrs – 72 hrs at xxx – 370c
It volition live observed that all the petridishes but F present growth colonies of micro-organisms in addition to these colonies hold increasing inward size.
The colour, appearance, growth blueprint are also observed
Evaluation:
(a) What are micro-organisms
(b) State the 5 groups of micro-organisms
(c) State 5 places nosotros tin disclose micro-organism
(d) Mention 5 items that you lot volition require to civilization micro-organisms.
Summary:
Micro-organisms are these infinitesimal organisms that cannot live seen amongst the naked eyes. They include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, asceptic method called culturing; nosotros tin grow micro-organisms.
Home work:
(a) Draw in addition to Discuses the essential parts of a microscope
(b) What is resolution of the microscope. What is magnification
Step 1 – ways micro – organisms move inward our bodies.
microbes move inward our torso through whatsoever of the next ways
] The rima oris when nosotros eat nutrient or quaff water
] Nose when nosotros inhale air amongst particles that are contaminated
] Skin when nosotros take hold wounds
] Anus since it is opening into the body
] Animal bite/ insect bites
] Blood contact when blood transfusion or contact amongst infected blood is done.
] Birth canals / bellybutton during birth
] Sexual contact amongst an infected person
Step 2: carriers of microbes
Carriers are agents that transfer microorganisms from i identify to another. They are also called vectors when they are living organisms. Water, air nutrient are non living agents.
Common vectors include
] Female Anopheles musquito – plasmodium
] Tse-tsefly - Trypanosoma
] Housefly - Vibro cholera
] Rat flea/house - Rickettsia
] Rat - Lassa fever virus
] aedes musquito - Yellow fever virus
] Dog - Rabies virus
Step 3: Beneficial effects of micro – organisms
Nature
(1) Formation of compost manure
(2) Nitrogen fixation inward the roots of legumes
(3) Decomposition in addition to maintenance of soil fertility
(4) Digestion of cellulose inward the rumen of ruminants
(5) Sewage handling
In medicine
(1) Manufacture of drugs eg penicillium, streptomycin
(2) Source of vit B e.g yeast, bacteria
(3) Source of enzymes e.g yeast
Industries
(1) Baking
(2) Preparation of alcoholic drinks (fermentation)
(3) Making of cheese / yoghurt
(4) Curing of bacco
(5) Tanning of hides in addition to skin
Step 4: Harmful effects
Harmful final result of micro- organisms include
§ Food spoilage due their putrefaction activeness on nutrient they tin drive serious nutrient spoilage in addition to wastage
§ Deterioration of materials
Wood, cotton, paper, leather in addition to other things lose their character amongst fourth dimension are final result of activeness of microbes
§ Disease causing
Various diseases of plants in addition to animals are caused past times microbes every bit volition live discussed latter.
§ Causes of death
§ Pollution of H2O bodies algac inward eutrophication
Summary:
Microbes move inward our bodies through the mouth, skin, nose, blood etc. they are carried past times agents w3hich include vectors in addition to national agents. Some microbes are useful patch some are harmful. The Drugs, cheese, drinks nosotros accept are all benefits of microbes.
Disease, pollution in addition to nutrient spoilage are harmful effects of microbes
Homework:
Research on wellness organization. State whatsoever 5 in addition to their roles
Step 9 – Diseases in addition to causative agents
| Disease | Causative organism | Sources of infection in addition to method of transmission | Symptoms |
| Influenza- mutual cold | Virus | Contact past times droplet (air) | Running nose, sore pharynx |
| Chicken pox & little pox | Virus | Contact past times droplet, air or from inhaled dried pus | Spot (rash) amongst blisters, headache in addition to fever, in addition to hurting inward the limbs. |
| Measles | Virus | Contact past times droplet | Spots on the body, high temperature |
| Polio | Virus | Food or water, or past times air bome droplets or from carries | Similar to influenza, paralysis of muscles similar breast in addition to leg muscles |
| Yellow fever | Virus | Bite past times musquito (female) Aedes aegypti, already infected | Fever, headache, vomiting diarrhea jaundice, albumen inward urine. |
| Cholera | Bacteria | Through nutrient in addition to drink. Carried past times flies, unwashed vegetables | Profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration in addition to collapse |
| Disease | Causative organism | Sources of infection in addition to method of transmission | Symptoms |
| Dysentery | Bacteria & protozoa | Food in addition to quaff contaminated | Diarrhea, amongst blood in addition to slime inward stool amongst abdominal pains |
| Plague | Bacteria | Fleas from rat | Chills in addition to fever, headache in addition to torso pains, lymph glands swell. |
| Tetanus | Bacteria | Usually from soil, wound contact | Toxins from infection overstep to bloodstream; causes prolong musculus contraction especially the jaw muscle. |
| Typhoid | Bacteria | Contaminated nutrient in addition to drink, or from carriers | Fever in addition to severe headache diarrhea, inward severe cases amongst blood |
| Malaria | Protozoa-plasmodium | Bite of infected woman somebody anopheles musquito | Headache, hurting inward the limbs, fever, shivering, sweating, spleen in addition to liver enlargement, anaemia, |
| Sleeping sickness (Trypanosmiasis) | Protozoa- Trypanosome | Tsetse-fly (vector) game animals is are carriers | Illness amongst fever, weight loss, abdominal pain, diarrheoa, sleepiness, enlargement of spleen, coma, leading to decease |
| Leprosy (skin disease) | Bacteria | From a sore on the peel of some other past times contact or may live past times lice in addition to fleas | Leprous nodules, sore, devastation of limbs, olfactory organ & eyes, maims a victim. |
| Scabies – itch (skin disease) | Itch mite | Direct contact on skin | Small pimples, later turnings to sores, itching |
| Meningitis | Bacteria | | High fever in addition to recurring assault of fever every bit a cycle |
| Roundworms | Thread worm, hook- worm roundworm | Through dingy mitt or house- concur utensils, in addition to clothes, bare feet or skin, contaminated nutrient or drink | Intense itching around the anus anaemia & weakness |
| Elephantiasis (Calabar swelling’) | Roundworm or filarial worm | ;live inward blood in addition to spread past times woman somebody culex musquito | Fever, swelling of the limbs, ulcers |
| Rivers blindness | Filarial worm | Spread past times seize amongst teeth of simulium wing (black fly) | Skin irritation, swelling & inflammation of the eye, blindness. |
| Guinea worm | Round worm filarial worm | Found inward tissues only nether skin, swallowing infected H2O fleas. | Blister on peel close or below the knees, discharge of white amount (embryos) |
| Tapeworm | Parasitic worms (flat worms) | Through uncooked or improperly cooked pork in addition to beef | Anaemia, weakening of host |
| Biharziasis | Fluke (flat- worm) | Transmitted past times H2O snail | Skin itching. Fever, blood inward stool, miserable wellness in addition to anaemia |
| Jigger | Flea | Found inward dingy floors | Swelling nether the foot, itching |
PREVENTION OF DISEASES – HYGIENE
The best method of prevention is to hold ourselves in addition to our surrounding create clean from unsafe germs. This is called hygiene. This includes personal hygiene (keeping our torso clean) food hygiene, H2O hygiene, in addition to surround hygiene.
IMMUNITY AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
Immunity is protection provided past times antibodies inward the blood for resistance against diseases. Some people easily develop infection patch others do not. Infections are caught when the torso has niggling mightiness to resist them. Lack of resistance is due to inadequate or deficient nutrition, anemia due to diseases, in addition to lack of immunization diseases
Antibody –antigen reaction inward the body
When a unusual protein- antigen, (such every bit smallpox vaccine) is introduced into a person, the torso reacts to this. In a few days time, the torso produces its ain poly peptide (antibodies), which tin neutralize the antigen. These antibodies stay inward the blood in addition to provide immunity against that disease.
Types of immunity
1. Natural Immunity: when a torso comes inward contact amongst a unusual torso or antigen, the immune scheme is activated in addition to antibodies are formed to struggle the antigen. This is known every bit natural active immunity. The other natural type of immunity is that passed betwixt mothers in addition to offspring, where pre-formed antibodies are provided to the baby either before or after nascency (providing it amongst temporary immunity until its ain scheme becomes active). This is called natural passive immunity, and may live short- lived because antibodies are used upwards in addition to are non replaced.
2. Acquired Immunity
(a) Naturally acquired Immunity: Here, the antibody that remains inward the torso after recovery from a illness protects the somebody from getting the illness again. Even after the antibodies take hold gone, the white cells ‘remember’ the germs.
(b) Vaccination (immunization)
(i) Acquired active Immunity, small amounts of antigen (known every bit vaccine) are used to make immunity inward an individual. Vaccination is the introduction of weakened, dead or sterile causative organism into the torso to enable the torso make antibodies that brings close resistance against disease. Appropriate retentiveness cells volition live formed in addition to should private afterward come upwards into contact amongst active antigen, the torso volition destroy the antigen without experiencing the symptoms of the disease. It is specific for each disease, in addition to non all diseases tin live vaccinated.
In most countries, every kid is vaccinated. Common vaccines are measles, polio, BCG (for tuberculosis), in addition to DPT (for diphtheria, whooping coughing in addition to tetanus, all inward i injection). To provide total immunity, most vaccinations require i or ii follow-up or booster injections spread out over a few months or years.
(ii) Acquired passive Immunity is given when antibodies are formed inward i individual, extrated in addition to injected into another. This does non confer long-term immunity, but tin live valuable if someone is suspected of having been exposed to a unsafe antigen. H5N1 goodness examples of this is inward the trweatment of tetanus, also known every bit lockjaw.
MICRO – ORGANISMS AND BETTER HEALTH
Control of harmful micro-organisms
Harm,ful micro-organisms tin live controlled inward the next ways:
(1) High temperature: This involves sterlization past times boiling, autoclaving or heating of nutrient in addition to other products to kill disease-causing micro-organisms every bit they are killde or destroyed at real high temperatures.
(2) Preserving nutrient past times salting: This lis the application of tabular array salt on human foot to kill micro-organisms or homecoming them inactive, thereby preserving the food.
(3) Use of drugs/ antibiotics: Many diseases tin live controlled through the taking of drugs or antibiotics inward monastic enjoin to kill the micro – organisms, eg. Chloroquine is taken to kill malaria parasite (plamodium).
(4) Immunisation or vaccination: Immunisation is the physical care for past times which a good for you lot somebody is innoculated amongst a preparation of a mild from of the pathogen. This preparation is called vaccine. Vaccination is given to protect against deadly diseases, especially thoses caused past times Viruses such every bit meales, tuberculosis, cholera, tetanus, etc.
(5) Sterilization past times boiling: sterilization past times bioling is done ti kill disease-causing micro-organism (pathogens) on the object.
(6) Use of antiseptics: These are chemicals that tin kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic micro-organisms. Antiseptics are used on cuts, abrasions in addition to wounds on the peel to foreclose infection past times micro-organisms. Examples of antiseptics are dettol, hydrogen peroxide, tincture of iodine, mul,ton, chlorine water, etc
(7) Covering of nutrient alwayxs: food should live covered ever to foreclose contact amongst vectors of illness – causing micro-organisms.
(8) Quarantine services: Quarantine services or isolujtion of infected somebody or beast should live done. This is to disclose such somebody or beast for evidence of a illness before he or it mixes amongst the full general population.
(9) Promoting wellness education: This is to brand people aware in addition to witting of ways micro-orgainsms are trasmitted in addition to how to foreclose them.
(10) Destruction of vectors of diseases: vectors of diseases such every bit mosquiotoes, dark – flies, etc should live destroyed to foreclose the spread of diseases caused past times them.
(11) Use of disinfectants: Disinfectants similar Izal, Sanitas, Lysol, Carbonic acid, etc should live used regularly to foreclose infection caused past times micro-orgainsms.
(12) Personal hygiene: Personal hygiene such every bit washing of hands before in addition to after meals, before preparation of food, after every defecation, etc should live practised regularly to foreclose or banking concern check the spread of pathogenic micro-organisms.
CONTROL OF VECTORS
Definition of vector: A vector is an beast which transmits a disease- causing organism (pathogen) from the victim of that illness to some other person. Detailed information on the diseases organisms carried past times vectors including the diseases, way of transmission, host in addition to major symptoms are treated inward chapter nine of this book.
Control of dissimilar victor
Control of Mosquitoes
(i) Draining of swamps: This is to destroy the breeding basis for mosquitoes.
(ii) Clearing bushes around houses: This is done to bring down the hiding places for adult mosquitoes.
(iii) Sleeping inward room protected past times musquito net: This is to foreclose musquito bites.
(iv) Spray swamp / rooms amongst insecticides: This is done to kill adult in addition to larval stages of the mosquitoes.
(v) Spray fossil oil on stagnant water. This is to bring down the surface tension of state of war in addition to foreclose larval stages from breathing.
(vi) Burying broken pots in addition to empty cans: This is to eliminate possible breeding places for mosquitoes.
(vii) Using insect repellant on the body: this is repellant is used to foreclose musquito bites.
(viii) Use of biological control: this involves the usage of fish or fish or predators inward the habitat to eliminate or eat upwards the musquito larvae.
(ix) Use of drugs: Certain drugs, e.g chloroquine are taken to command or cure malaria fever.
Control of Houseflies
(i) Spraying amongst insecticides: This is applied to kill adult houseflies inward the compound.
(ii) Destruction of breeding material: materials or areas where breeding takes identify should live destroyed.
(iii) Keeping surround clean: This is to foreclose the multiplication of vectors similar houseflies.
(iv) Use of poisonous substance baits: This is done to attract houseflies to eat the nutrient after which they are poisoned to death.
(v) Closing of pit toilet: pit can must live covered ever in addition to kept clean.
(vi) Covering of food: Food, especially already prepared ones must live covered at all times to foreclose houseflies from feeding or defecating on them.
Control of Black flies
(i) Clearing bushes around houses: this is done to bring down the hiding places for adult dark flies.
(ii) Fumigation amongst insecticides: The surround should live fumigated to destroy the dark flies.
(iii) Destruction of breeding spots: All known breeding spots should live completely destroyed to foreclose breeding past times dark flies.
(iv) Proper monitoring of H2O bodies: water bodies where these insects are commonly associated amongst should live monitored to suffer adequate command dark flies.
(v) Use of drugs: Some drugs tin live taken to cure or foreclose the illness associated amongst dark flies.
MAINTENANCE OF GOOD (PUBLIC) HEALTH
For a somebody to stay healthy, he must maintain cleanliness around his environment. He must eat goodness food, quaff create clean in addition to pure water, have on create clean clothes in addition to hold his surround tidy. This method volition assist a lot inward preventing illness outbreak. However, keeping the surround create clean is non the sole responsibleness of unmarried individuals. It involves the combined endeavor of the household, communities, nations in addition to the world every bit a whole.
Ways of Maintaining Good Health inward a Community
Effective world wellness direction inward a community tin live achieved through the next ways:
(1) Refuse disposal: Refuse are solid waste matter materials discharged through
human activities from homes in addition to industries into the environment. Reckless decline dump around habitation places creates bad odour, provides breeding grounds for insects in addition to rodents that spread diseases.
Refuse disposal tin live done through the next ways:
(i) Provision of dust bins inward strategic locations
(ii) Burning decline inward incinerators
(iii) Dumping them inward isolated areas far from human habitation
(iv) Burying decline inward a sanitary landfill.
(2) Sewage disposal: sewage are waste matter H2O materials discharged from
laundries, toilets, bathrooms, e.g. urines in addition to faeces.
Sewage disposal tin live done through:
(i) The usage of pit toilets where faeces in addition to urine are passed into deep pits.
(ii) The usage of septic tanks where H2O is used to even out faeces in addition to urine into a large tank dug inward the ground.
(iii)
(iv) Community handling physical care for where sewage from diverse homes are collected in addition to treated before beingness discharged into oceans or rivers.
(3) Protection of water: in thought of numerous diseases which human being tin contact because of drinking soiled water, H2O should live protected through the next ways:
(i) Addition of alum to water
(ii) Boiling of H2O before drinking it
(iii) Filtration of H2O on cooling
(iv) Addition of chlorine to kill microscopic germs (as done inward H2O works)
(vi) Storage of H2O inward create clean containers.
All these should live done before H2O is passed through pipes into houses in addition to other places where it require.
(4) Protection of food: it is truthful that diseases tin live contracted through food. Therefore, both raw in addition to cooked nutrient should live properly protected. The next methods of nutrient protection are recommended:
(i) Keep nutrient inward refrigerators or deep freezers
(ii) Boil or prepare raw nutrient properly before eating.
(iii) There should live inspection of nutrient meant for world consumption
(iv) Washing of hands before in addition to after eating of food.
(v) Food tin also live preserved through caning
(vi) Keep the surround where the nutrient is prepared clean.
Avoid exposure of nutrient to flies in addition to other micro-organisms
(5) Control of disease: Individuals can control diseases past times living create clean environment. Therefore, they tin foreclose diseases through the next ways:
(i) Daily sweeping of the surroundings
(ii) Eating of goodness nutrient in addition to balanced diet.
(iii) Taking of bath regularly.
(iv) Wearing of create clean in addition to neat dresses.
(v) Living inward well-ventilated houses.
(vi) Cleaning of latrines in addition to urinals amongst disinfectants regularly.
(vii) Cleaning of teeth regularly amongst toothbrush in addition to paste.
(viii) Doing exercises regularly.
(ix) Treatment of whatsoever injury instantly or reporting same to the nearest infirmary for treatment.
(x) Taking children through the diverse immunizations every bit prescribed past times doctors.
(xi) Taking no drugs except those prescribed past times doctors.
6. Health organizations: Health organizations are corporate (local in addition to international) bodies concerned amongst the maintenance of goodness wellness of the people.
International wellness organizations include:
(i) World Health Organisation (HWO)
(ii) United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF)
(iii) International Red Cross Society.
The major local wellness organisation inward Nigeria is the Nigerian Medical Association (NMA).
ROLES OF Health Organization
World Health Organization (WHO)
This is a specialized segmentation of the United Nations Organization (UNO) inward 1948 with headquarters inward Geneva, Switzerland. Its major aim is to ameliorate the wellness of the people inward all the countries of the world the original functions of the organisation are:
(i) It promotes measures for the command of the world’s major diseases through vaccination programmes in addition to usage of antibiotics.
(ii) It co-ordinates enquiry programmes inward all fields of wellness in addition to the results known to all member-nations.
(iii) It provides advice in addition to assist on wellness matters to member-nations on request, e.g. provision of medical experts, setting upwards wellness centre’s, etc.
(iv) It publishes medical journals.
(v) It helps to laid upwards international quarantine regulations.
(vi) It helps to provide drugs in addition to vaccines inward instance of emergency
(vii) It provides alert signals inward the trial of an outbreak of epidemic diseases.
(viii) It assists national wellness organizations inward the command of diseases in addition to vectors of diseases.
(ix) It helps inward maternal in addition to kid wellness care.
(x) It helps to laid in addition to recommend safe touchstone for drugs.
United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF)
The UNICEF, some other special agency of the United Nations Organisation was laid upwards to ameliorate the wellness in addition to welfare of the children all over the world. Specific functions of UNICEF are:
(i) To provide for the emergency needs of childr4en inward devastated areas;
(ii) To add-on the nutrition of under-nourished children;
(iii) To feed destitute children;
(iv) To render vaccines or equipment to foreclose or command diseases that specifically bear on children such every bit whooping cough, diphtheria, poliomyelitis in addition to tuberculosis;
(v) To provide children’s clothing’s in addition to other needs;
(vi) To assist inward the improvement of the mothers in addition to their children past times providing training programmes in addition to necessary equipment, e.g. provision of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) to command diarrhea inward children.
International Red Cross society
The International Red Cross Society plays of import roles inward ii major ways:
(a) In fourth dimension war
(i) They accept proper attention of the injured.
(ii) They provided emergency assist to those inward distress.
(iii) They are involved inward the negotiation of the telephone substitution of prisoners of wars betwixt countries.
(iv) They provide carry for the evacuation of refuses.
(v) They also provide welfare for the prisoners of war.
(b) In fourth dimension of peace
(i) They provide the full general first- assist to patients.
(ii) They assist inward preventing accidents.
(iii) They assist inward the preparation of nursing aides.
(iv) Red Cross lodge maintains stuff in addition to kid welfare clinics.
(v) They provide assist to victims of natural disasters such every bit earthquakes, floods, dismiss etc.
Nigeria Medical Association (NMA)]
The Nigeria Medical Association (NMA) is a national torso concerned within Nigeria
The original functions of NMA include:
(i) Advising the authorities on how to ameliorate the wellness condition of the people,
(ii) Alerting the land where at that spot is an outbreak of a disease,
(iii) Carrying out enquiry into ways of preventing in addition to controlling diseases,
(iv) Monitoring the recruitment of good trained doctors inward hospitals,
(v) Assisting inward the preparation of medical in addition to paramedical staff ask inward wellness attention delivery.
Revision questions
1. List vii ways past times which micro- organism tin live controlled to maintain goodness wellness (SSCE Nov; 1990).
2. (a) Define a vector, (b) Name 5 illness transmitted past times vectors.
3. State 6 methods past times which mosquitoes tin live controlled in addition to the world the reasons for each method (SSCE June, 1993).
4. Discuss 3 ways inward which world wellness tin live maintained.
5. (a) Briefly the world how an private tin command diseases.
(b) Discuss how the next tin live protected against illness infestation: (i) H2O (ii) nutrient
6. Discuses the functions of the next wellness organization: (a) World Health organisation (WHO) (b) United Nations Children’s Education fund (UNICEF) (c) The Red Cross Society.
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