Term2 Lesson Notes Ss1

TOPIC: TISSUES AND SUPPORTING SYSTEMS

 Living organisms take away tissues to enable them move, respire together with do other life activities. Animals are supported past times a frame piece of occupation of the body called the skeleton Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 skeleton is a frame piece of occupation of the body which provides support, shape together with protection to the animate beingness or body. Skeletons are of biological significance inwards the body;

It enables them to move

It helps to decide their evolutionary advancement together with their development

It provides support, shape together with protection to the body

Forms of skeletal materials

1.      Chitin

2.      Bones

3.      Cartlages

Chitin is a non living poly peptide covered amongst wax. It combines amongst wax to shape curticles that embrace the body of sure as shooting organisms. Organisms amongst chitin grow past times moulting or eccdysis. Arthropods together with reptiles are the major animals amongst chitin

Cartilages consists of chondrocytes together with chondroblasts proteins together with saccharide fibers. Cartilages are tough but flexible. They deed equally stupor absorbers betwixt bones sharks, rays together with mammals conduct keep cartilages inwards their

Types of cartilages

a.     Fibro cartilage flora inwards discs bw bones of the vertebra

b.     Elastic cartilages flora inwards the external ear together with epiglottis

c.      Hyaline cartilages flora inwards trachea together with bronchi, olfactory organ etc

Types of skeleton

Hydrostatic skeleton equally inwards earthworms, nematodes together with leeches

Exoskeleton skeleton equally inwards insects, snails

Endoskeleton  equally inwards higher animals together with fishes

                            location together with arrangement

The animate beingness skeleton is organized into 2 parts

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

The axial skeleton is made upwardly of

The skull

Vertebral column

Ribs

Sternum

The appendicular skeleton include

Pelvic girdle

Pectoral girdle

Fore limbs

Hind limbs

Bones

Bones are made upwardly of living cells called osteocytes together with osteoblasts. Protein fiber called collagen together with mineral salts mainly calcium phosphate together with calcium carbonates brand upwardly bones. Bones are to a greater extent than stiff than cartilage. Some bones are soft piece others are hard. Soft bones are called spongy bones piece the difficult parts are called compact bones. Organisms amongst bones include vertebrates.

The vertebral bones are organized inwards v groups

1-   Cervical vertebra are bones of the neck.

They are seven bones inwards number inwards all vertebrates. The commencement is the ATLAS together with the minute is the AXIS

 2. thoracic vertebra are bones of the breast or thorax. They are 12 inwards number

3. the lumber vertebra are bones of the torso together with back. They are v inwards number

4. sacral vertebra are bones of the waist. They are v inwards number

5. caudal vertebra are bones of the tail. They are 4 inwards number.

In human a total of 33 bones brand upwardly the vertebral bones together with close 206 bones inwards their body.

: FEATURES OF Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 TYPICAL VERTEBRA

1.      Neural canal for passage of spinal cord

2.      Neural spine which projects backwards

3.      Transverse procedure for attachment of muscles

4.      Centrum that back upwardly the vertebra

5.      Facets for attachment of other bones

                                     Diagram of a typical vertebra

The cervical vertebrae are the cervix bones. The commencement is the ATLAS together with the minute is the AXIS.

Characteristics of the atlas

-          Large neural canal

-          Has vertebraterial canal for passage of vertebral artery

-          Has prominent transverse processes or cervical ribs( prezygopophysis) aids nodding of the caput

Fig t. diagram of atlas bone

Characteristics of the axis

-          Has odontoid process

-          Has a large flattened neural spine

-          aids rotation of the head

-          Has a vertebraterial canal

Fig x. diagram of axis

Other cervical vertebra has

-          A small neural spine

-          A vertebraterial canal

-          Cervical ribs

THORACIC Vertebrae

 The thoracic vertebra is flora inwards the breast region. They articulate amongst the ribs. Most animals has 12 but roughly has 13(rats). They are characterized past times

-          Long neural spine that projection backward together with upwards

-          Large neural canal

-          Large Centrum

-          Articular facets for articulation amongst the ribs

Diagram.

Lumbar vertebrae

-          Large Centrum

-          Large neural canal

-          Long neural spine which projects upward together with forward

-          Has transverse processes

Diagram of a lumbar bone.

The pelvic girdle

The pelvic girdle shape component division of the appendicular skeleton. It is flora equally component division of the hip bones. It is made upwardly of 3 bones inwards each one-half of the hip.

The pubis

The Ilium

The ischium                      fig p.

these bones create a socket called acetabulum for the attachment of the circular caput of the femur together with a foramina called obturator foramina for the passage of the obturator vessels.

The pectoral girdle

This consists of the SCAPULAR together with CLAVICLE

The scapular has a cavity called the GLENOID CAVITY which attaches the caput of the humerus

EVALUATION:

1.   WHAT IS Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 SKELETON

2.   MENTION ANY 3 SKELETAL MATERIALS IN ANIMALS

Joints

A POINT WHERE BONES come across is called joint.

A typical articulation is made of

. Articular surfaces

. Articular cartilages

. Ligaments

Types of joints

Joints tin give notice live movable or immovable joints

There are iv types of movable joints viz

BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS: flora betwixt the circular heads of bones inwards the pelvic together with pectoral girdles. They allow displace inwards all directions. Examples are the hip joint, shoulder joint. These joints conduct keep inwards improver to other things listed higher upwardly a synovial membrane together with synovial fluid

HINGE JOINTS: hinge joints allow displace inwards entirely 1 direction. Examples are the ELBOW JOINT, THE KNEE JOINT AND THE PHALANGEAL JOINTS.

PIVOT JOINTS: PIVOT JOINTS allow a rotating movement. Found betwixt the atlas together with the axis

GLIDDING JOINTS: this articulation allows a rubbing of 1 os on another. This displace is referred to equally gliding. Examples are seen inwards the wrist together with ankles.

Immovable joints include

Suture joints inwards the skull

Fused joints inwards the sacrum

Movement is brought close past times the opposing activity of muscles together with bones. Bones are attached to bones past times ligaments piece tendons attach bones to muscles.

When the biceps contracts, it bends the elbow piece the contraction of the triceps straightens the elbow. When 1 contracts the other relaxes together with so that these ii actions convey close displace of the arm together with forearm. In the leg are the bicep femoris behind together with the quadriceps femoris inwards front end of the thigh.

Functions of supporting tissues inwards animals

1.      Protection……………………

2.      Movement………………………

3.      Support……………………………

4.      Respiration……………………

5.      Posture……………………………

ACTIVITY: students to jibe the functions listed higher upwardly to their specific structures

                   Support inwards plants

Supporting tissues inwards plants include

Parenchyma( flora inwards the cortex) they are living cells amongst large vacuoles together with sparse walls. It is the most abundant(turgidity together with firmness)

Collenchyma( flora inwards the cortex): they are living, elongated together with unevenly thickened at the corners. Their flexible cells allow bending together with twisting of the plants(flexibility together with resilience)

Sclerenchyma : this is inwards the shape of fibers together with sclereids. They comprise lignin together with cellulose. This cells are thence dead cells but give back upwardly together with flexibility to plants

Wood xylem flora mainly inwards the vascular tissues of plants stems, roots together with leaves. They comprise of TRCHEIDS, VESSELS, together with FIBERS AND XYLEM PARENCHYMA

MECHANISM OF SUPPORT

 Support inwards plants is achieved past times TUGOR PRESSURE, OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND SUPPORTING TISSUES.

The parenchyma cells when fully turgid push-out sideways together with this strength is retained past times the inelastic epidermis. Thus when the parenchyma cells are turgid, they give rigidity together with strength to the plants. The xylem vessels together with fibers give mechanical strength to the stems because of the lignin inwards them. Fibers together with sclerenchyma supply flexibility to the plants.

Therefore functions of supporting tissues inwards plants include

Strength

Rigidity

Resilience

Flexibility

Protection

Shape together with conduction

ACTIVITY: STUDENTS TO MATCH THE FUNCTIONS WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING STRUCTURES

       EVALUATION:

1.   Draw together with label a typical joint

2.   Exercise 4 of the igcse workbook pg 86

3.   State whatsoever 4 supporting tissues inwards plant  

                   

                                                Lesson notes for calendar week 6

                                                       NUTRITION

NUTRITION IS THE ACT OF FEEDING. It involves the utilisation of nutrient to create unloosen energy together with nourishment.there are ii types of nutrition viz

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION

HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION.

Autotrophic nutrition is the type of nutrition wher organisms industry their ain food. Sone  autotrophic organisms are PHOTOSYNTHETIC piece others are  CHEMOSYNTHETIC.

In chemosynthetesis, organisms industry their ain nutrient using inorganic chemicals e.g

NITROSOMONAS             NH₃+O₂ →HNO₂ H₂O+ ENERGY

Here nitrosomonas converts ammonia to nitrite releasing unloosen energy for respiration

Nitrobacter converts the nitrite to nitrate, a usable shape of nitrogen for plants inwards a procedure called NITRIFICATION. We shall consider this inwards NITROGEN CYCLE.

2HNO₂+O₂  2HNO₃+ENERGY

Photosyntesis is the procedure past times which greenish plants utilisation carbon dioxide together with H2O inwards the presence of sunlight together with enzymes to brand their nutrient (sugar)

6CO₂+ 6H₂O →^SUNLIGHT→_CHLOROPHYLL→C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂+ENERGY

TWO IMPORTANT STAGES ARE INVOLVED inwards photosynthesis. They are

LIGHT REACTION/PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER

DARK REACTION/REDUCTION OF CO₂

The site for photosynthesis is the chloroplast .

The chloroplast has a double outer membrane which surrounds the inner compartment called the stroma. The stroma contains an electron acceptor called RDP-(RIBOLUSE DI-PHOSPHATE)

The inner membrane is folded to shape sacs of thylakoids which is surrounded past times a thylakoid membrane. Each sac is filled amongst chlorophyll. Each stack of the thylakoid (GRANUM) shape a grana linked past times channels.

LIGHT STAGE:

This is besides called photolysis of H2O because it involves the splitting of H2O molecules past times calorie-free unloosen energy from the sun

Step1. Absorption of calorie-free unloosen energy past times chlorophyll pigments which excites electrons inwards chlorophyll molecules. This electron ascent to higher orbits/level together with roughly escape the chlorophyll pigments. These escaped electrons are captured past times electron acceptors inwards the thylakoid called NADP. AS NADP accepts electron, it becomes negatively charged. Energy is released from the transfer of electrons to shape ATP. ADP + Pi → ATP. This is PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION. This unloosen energy is used to split H2O molecule into hydrogen ion together with hydroxyl ion 2H₂O  →  2H^+-+OH^-

^{STEP 2}; the hydrogen ion is accepted past times the electron acceptor NADP to shape NADPH

2H⁺+NADP^- →NADPH

This molecule holds H⁺ until night stage. This moves FROM WATER TO PHOTOSYSTEM ii(P680 AND FROM P680 TO P700- photosystem I)

Step 3: hydroxyl ions forthwith combine to give H2O together with oxygen gas. This puts oxygen equally the commencement gaseous production of photosynthesis        4OH →2H₂0+O₂

LIGHT INDEPENDENT STAGE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

This stage is the calorie-free independent stage where CO2 is reduced to glucose (CH2O).

IN  the stroma, CO2 acceptor RuBP(riboluse diphospate) accepts CO2 together with shape an unstable 6-carbon  chemical compound using its enzyme RuBISco ( RIBOLUSE DIPHOSHATE CARBOXYLASE)

RuBP+CO₂ →  6-CARBON COMPOUND

The molecule forthwith splits into 2 molecules of PGA.

H+ inwards NADPH are forthwith released to combine amongst PGA to shape PGAL( a 3-carbon sugar)with the release of ATP.

The PGAL formed forthwith combine inwards two’s to shape a 6-carbon refined saccharify phosphate called glucose 6-phosphate

Phosphate is cleaved from the G-6-PHOSPHATE to shape a glucose molecule. RuBP is re-cycled inwards the procedure called the CALVIN BENSON CYCLE.

CONDITIONS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The atmospheric condition necessary for photosynthesis are

LIGHT ENERGY

CARBON DIOXIDE

PRESENCE OF ENZYMES

PRESENCE OF CHLOROPHYLL

The limiting factors for photosynthesis are

Light intensity

Low relative humidity

Temperature

Water

EVALUATION

1.       In plants light-dependent reactions proceeds at the ----------------

2.       In the calorie-free –dependent stage -------------------and -----------------------

3.       The calorie-free stage proceeds inwards the plants are------------------- and---------------

4.       Match each of the next amongst the most suitable description

Photo absorption    a. RuBISco

NADPH formation    b. ATP, NADPH required

CO2 fixation             c. electrons wheel dorsum to photosystem I

PGAL formation       d. P 680 AND P700

ATP  formation          e. photolysis

5.       Outline the stages involved inwards both the 1^st together with 2^nd stages of photosynthesis

                                            Lesson notes for calendar week

                                                             Class ss1     

                                                              ECOLOGY

ECOLGY IS DEFINED AS THE STUDY OFTHE INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIVING ORGANISIMS AND THEIR NON LIVING ENVIRONMENT. BIOLOLGIST WHO STUDY ORGANISIMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT ARE CALLED ECOLOGISTS.THE STUDY OF Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 SINGLE SPECIE OF ORGANISM IS CALLED ANTECOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF DIFFERENT SPECIE IS CALLED SYNECOLOGY.

                                                ECOLOGical TERMS

SOME TERMS ARE INDISPENSIBLE WHEN STUDING ECOLOGY.

SOME OF THESE TERMS INCLUDE

      BIOSPHERE / UNIVERSE

BOTH LIVING AND NON LIVING THINGS CONSTITUTE THE UNIVERSE OR NATURE. THE PART OF THE UNIVERSE WHERE LIFE EXIST IS CALLED BIOSPHERE.

BIOSPHERE IS DIVIDED INTO

1.       LITHOSHPERE – THE PART OF THE BIOSPHERE COVERED WITH EARTH OR ROCK. MAKE ABOUT 30% OF THE UNIVERSE.

2.       HYDROSPHERE –PART THAT IS COVERED WITH WATER AND INCLUDE OCEAN, SEAS, RIVERS, PONDS ETC. COVERS ABOUT 70% OF THE UNIVERSE.

3.       ATMOSPHERE  -PART ABOVE THE LITHOSPHERE FILLED WITH GASES. MADE UP OF 78% NITROGEN, 21% OXYGEN, 0.03% CO2 AND 0.97% RARE GASES AND WATER VAPOUR.

THE BIOSPHERE IS ALSO CALLED THE ECOSPHERE.

‘OIKOS’ IS THE ROOT WORD FOR ECOLOGY MEANING HOME OR DWELLING PLACE.

     ENVIRONMENT : ENVIRONMENT IS SAID TO BE THE TOTAL SURROUNDING OF THE ORGANISIM. IN THE REAL SENSE ENVIRONMENT CONSTITUTE ALL THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE SURVIVAL  OF AN ORGANISM. information technology INCLUDES THE PHYSICAL SURRONDING OF AN ORGANISIM THE NON LIVING FACTOR AND LIVING THINGS WHICH AFFECTS AN ORGANISIM. FOR EXAMPLE TAECHERS, BIRDS, MOSQIUTOES, SUNLIGHT, RAIN FALL, SCHOOL PREMISSES ARE ALL THE ENVIRONMEN.

       HABITAT THE ACTUAL OR PHYSICAL LIVING PLACE OF AN ORGANISIM IS ITS HABITAT. THER ARE BASICALLY TWO TYPES OF HABITAT. VIZ

    AQUATIC HABITAT

    TERRESTRIAL HABITAT

AQUATIC HABITAT COMPRISE OF ALL THE SALT WATER, FRESH WATER AND BRACKSH WATER HABITATS.

TERRESRIAL HABITAT INCLUDE ALL THE LIVING PLACE ON LAND ON TRESS AND UNDERGROUN.

NICHE: THE FUNCTIONAL ROLES AND SPECIFIC WHERE AN ORGANISIM OCCUPY IN ANY HABITAT IS CALLED NICHE.

a catapillar inwards the garden it niche equally follows

it lives on the undersurface of the leaves

it destroys the leaves used for phothsynthesis

POPULATION : this is the number of organisim of the same specie living inwards a item surface area at whatsoever given time.

COMMUNITY : THIS IS Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 POPULATION OF DIFFERENT SPECIE LIVING TOGETHER IN AN AREA AT Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 TIME.

BIOME : Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 BIOME IS DEFINED AS THE LARGEST ECOLOGY COMMUNITY OF ORGANISIMS. information technology IS Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES DWELLING TOGETHER AND INTEREACTING TOGETHER FOR MUTUAL SURVIVAL. BIOMES IN NIGERIA INCLUDE

    FOREST

    SAVANNAH

   OPEN SEAS

   COAST. ETC.

                                                  THE ECOSYSTEM

the ecosystem is a self supportingunit made  up of living together with non living things. it is the interraction ofliving matter and  non living things  inwards an environmemt. ii element called the

biotics components

abiotic components

biotic components include all the living factors together with all the factors that relate to living things. they are

producers – decomposers

consumers

abiotic factors element are subdivided into

climatic factors

edaphic factors

topographic factors

chemic / inorganic factors

peril factors e.g burn downwards , tempest , air current ,dust etc

Aboitic factors are mostly referred to equally ecological factors or habitat factors.

Biotic factors may live broken downwards to it include

COMPETITION, PARASITES , PREDATORS, PATHOGENS, MIGRATION, PEST, DISEASE, DISPERSION OF SEED, MORTALITY AND NATALITY.

EVALUATION: NOW you lot conduct keep read through this note, do the next exercise

1.       Define ecology

2.       Mention 2 branches of ecology

3.       Complete the extract below using appropriate price from ecology

The component division of the universe where life exists is the _____________________. Part of which is called the lithosphere made of ____________ together with component division made upwardly of gases called the __________________. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 component division of this universe is filled amongst H2O together with called the ______________. The total external together with internal factors affecting a Joey inwards Commonwealth of Australia is its __________________. Some habitats are made of water(                                   ) piece roughly compose of Earth (                                    ). The role together with specific house of an organism inwards its habitat is its_______________. When populations combine, they give a __________________ together with when the largest eco community is called __________________

                          MEASUREMENT OF ECOLOGICAL FACTORS

Ecological factors mutual to all habitats together with the instruments for measuring include

RAINFALL................RAINGUAGE

TEMPERATURE................THERMOMETER

LIGHT INTENSITY.............LIGHT METER/ PHOTOMETER

WIND.........................WIND VANE

WIND SPEED ...................ANEMOMETER

PRESSURE......................BAROMETER

PH................................ PH METER

ECOLOGICAL FACTORS COMMON TO ALL AQUATIC HABITAT INCLUDE

 TEMPERATURE

RAINFALL

WIND

LIGHT

SALINITY

TURBIDITY.........................SECCHI DISC

DENSITY..........................HYDROMETER

CURRENT

WAVE ACTION/ TIDAL MOVEMENT............FLOATING BALL

                  BIOMES

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 BIOME IS THE LARGEST ecological community. In nigeria biomes tin give notice live divided into

forest

savanna

these biomes are detrmined past times rainfall together with temperature. the mean  annual rainfall  decreases from southward to north.

each of  this biomes is subdivided dependiing on the amount of rainfall, topography together with soil factors.

SWAMP(MANGROOVE SWAMP)

the mangroove swamp is divided into tabular array salt H2O swamp together with fresh H2O swamp.

they shape a belt along the coast of nigeria.

the hateful annual rainfall ranges from 2000mm together with above.

large sand together with silt are deposited at the deltas together with H2O is logged here. this makes the woods swampy.

inwards the rainy season, the swamp is filled amongst river H2O making it fresh

inwards the dry out season, tabular array salt H2O pocolates the woods giving it a salty swampy nature

major flora communities hither include

ruddy mangroove( rhizophora racemosa

white mangroove ( avicenna nitida

these plants conduct keep stilt roots, drib roots together with breathing roots called pneumatophores

animate beingness community include

crabs, oysters, mud skipper fish, birds .

major states hither are

Lagos, ondo, edo, delta, cross river, rivers together with akwa ibom

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

the  tropical pelting woods has a hateful annual rainfall of 1250mm to 2000mm of 8 – 10 months

  relative humidity of 70%

trees hither are organized inwards layers of close 4005 they include

 upper layer or emergent layer. grow higher upwardly twoscore meters, slender together with straight.

 middle layer of close 16m to 34meters. they shape contineous canopy

 lower layer of shurbs

 ground layers of shed loving specie e.g ferns, mosses etc

the trees are evergreen , wide leaves together with buttress origin system.

many climbers together with epiphytes amongst parasitic plants are flora hither .

wild fauna similar snake, chameleon, monkeys etc are seen here

mutual trees include obeche, mahogany, sapele, iroko, african walnut etc are seen here

states hither include OGUN, LAGOS, ALL SOUTH-SOUTH STATES, ALL SOUTH-EAST STATE

SOUTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA  

This is a large grassland flora merely afterwards the pelting forest. It is the largest of the biomes inwards nigeria

Rainfall ranges betwixt 1500mm- 1000mm. It has a luxuriant grassland that are tall. Many scattered trees amongst wide leaves.most trees hither are said to live deciduous ie. Shedding their leaves inwards season.

Shearbutter, locust bean, antelopes, lion, leopards, zebras are the mutual organisms flora here

States hither include  ENUGU, EBONYI,KOGI,BENUE, KWARA,OSUN, EKITI.

NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA/ SUDAN SAVANNA

Has a depression annual rainfall of 1000-500mm. Has scattered deciduous small trees together with small grasses. Common flora species include engagement palm, baobab,silk cotton

Common animate beingness specie include snakes, lizard, antelope

States hither are  KADUNA, BAUCHI, JOS, NIGER, ADAMAWA,KANO

SAHEL SAVANNAH

THIS IS FOUND entirely at the extreem due north such equally BORNU, KATSINA, SOKOTO.

Mean annual pelting autumn is less than 500mm

Short together with scanty grasses, small together with scanty tough shrubs. Drought resistant species hither are GUM ARABIC, DATE PALM. information technology interpret into desert at the estreem nigerian boarders

DESERT

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 desert has picayune or no pelting autumn inwards most of the year. It has hotness together with depression humidity. Fewer grasses together with shrubs amongst annual pelting autumn of 250-25 mm

MAJOR WORLD BIOMES

Throughout the globe, major biotic communities differentiate 1 share from another. These biomes include

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST, TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST,SAVANNAH, DESERT, AFRO ALPINE, SWAMPS, together with TUNDRA

Evaluation

Using a sketch map of Ngeria exhibit the major biomes of Nigeria.locate  i. Two states ii. Two animals iii. 2 plants that tin give notice live flora inwards each biome shown

                                            Assignment

Recently  roughly states inwards AMERICA AND LONDON withnessed an odd snowfall autumn that resulted inwards the closure of schools together with offices inside those regions.1.  Research into the ecological issues that maybe may conduct keep led to this problems.2. what measures were taken past times the authorities to salvage the province of affairs 3. Outline whatsoever iii problems that may effect from this odd snowfall fall