Topic 18: The Skeletal System

- in that place are 206 bones inward the human skeleton (adult)

Skeletal anatomy
1.  Axial skeleton is the skull as well as body (80 bones, includes ear ossicles)
2.  Appendicular skeleton is the limbs as well as girdles (függestőövek) (126 bones)

1.  Axial skeleton

Cranium/Skull (agykoponya) are the bones of the head

Source:  http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/api%20notes%20h%20skeletal%20vertebrae.htm

Ribs/Thoracic Cage (mellkas)

- in that place are 12 pairs of ribs, all twelve are attached at the dorsum to thoracic vertebrae

- ribs tin live referred to as truthful ribs (pairs 1-7) when they connect need to the sternum (szegycsont)

- false ribs (pairs 8-12) are connected to the sternum entirely via costal cartilage or non at all.  Pairs eleven as well as 12 are non connected at all as well as are hence referred to equally floating ribs.

Source:http://www.edoctoronline.com/medical-atlas.asp?c=4&id=22092

Source:  http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/appendicular-skeleton-lower-extremities/deck/2699280

Leg:  femur (combcsont), patella (kneecap - terdkalács), tibia (sípscont) as well as fibula (szárkapocscsont), tarsals (form the talocrural articulation - lábtőcsonok), metatarsals (form the body of the pes - lábközépcsontok) as well as phalanges (toes - ujjpercek)

Source:  http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Skeletal/Divisions.htm

Bone Structure as well as Growth

Long or shaft bones: 

- the shaft of the os is formed past times compact os tissue

- the outer surface is covered past times the periosteum (csonthártya), which is dense connecter tissue amongst vessels as well as nerves to protect as well as repair os tissue

- protuberances (dudorok) tin live institute on the os surface for musculus attachment

- the shaft of the os is hollow as well as filled amongst yellow os marrow, which is primarily adipose tissue inward adults, but tin revert to carmine marrow inward instance of life-threatening blood loss.

-the caput of the os is formed of spongy os tissue, which is interspersed amongst red os marrow, which produces carmine as well as white blood cells.  The os network inward spongy os is capable of reorganizing if stress as well as strain on the os changes.

- the caput of the os is covered amongst a protective layer of cartilage

- increase inward length of a long os occurs at both ends (at the epiphyseal plate), increase inward width occurs beneath the periosteum.  

Source:  http://mmaarriiaa0.tripod.com/id6.html

-other bones types are brusk bones (eg. carpals),  flat bones (eg. scapula), irregular bones (eg. vertebra) as well as sesamoid bones (eg. patella)

Joints/articulations (ízületek/összeköttetések)
- iii kinds:  fixed (fibrous), semi-movable (cartilaginous), movable (synovial)

1.  Fixed (fibrous)
- the cranium contains multiple fixed joints, the points where 2 bones run across are called sutures

2.  Semi-movable (cartilaginous)
- the articulation has some might to move, for instance bending or twisting, but it is express motion.  A expert instance are the joints betwixt vertebra

3.  Movable (synovial)
- these joints bring costless movement.  There are multiple kinds of joints
a. pivot joints (forgóízület): i os rotates only about the "pivot" of the other os allowing side to side, upward as well as downward motion, eg. atlas as well as axis at base of operations of skull, radius as well as ulna equally manus turns inward or outward
b. hinge joints (hengerízület):  movement entirely inward i plane, similar a door opening as well as closing.  eg. elbow, knee
c.  gliding joints (tojásízület):  limited motility inward all directions equally bones slide past times each other eg. wrist
d.  ball as well as socket joints (gömbízület):  allow for rotation eg. shoulder, hip 

Source:  http://www.tooloop.com/skeletal-system-types-of-joints/skeletal-system-types-of-joints/

Ligaments (ízületiszalag)

- they are similar tough elastic bands

-made of dense connecter tissue

- connect os to bone

Of the diverse joints, the semi-movable as well as movable joints incorporate cartilage to trim down friction betwixt the bones.  The movable joints also oft bring bursa (ízüetitok), which are pocket-sized sacs filled amongst synovial fluid (consistency of egg-whites), that assistance to cushion as well as absorb shock.

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