Topic 21: The Respiratory System

 Way dorsum (last term) nosotros studied cellular respiration.  While it is subject on respiration, it is NOT the same!
Respiration is the physical care for of taking inwards oxygen too releasing carbon dioxide.  Cellular respiration includes the chemic reactions that purpose oxygen to convert the liberate energy inwards glucose into ATP (the universal liberate energy carrier) too the byproducts, H2O too carbon dioxide.  Respiration is needed to larn oxygen to the cells for these reactions to occur too to larn rid of the carbon dioxide that is produced.  The central of these gases occurs at the lungs (tüdő).

THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

Air enters the respiratory tract through the nose too the mouth.  It is ever best to inhale through the nose, equally the olfactory organ is lined alongside epithelial cells that comprise lots of capillaries, which helps to warm too moisten the air earlier it moves downward the tract.  This epithelia is besides cilliated epithelia, which along alongside the hairs that grow most the entry to the nose, assist to filter out dust too other pollutants from the air.

The pharynx (garat) is the mutual passageway for nutrient too air that branches into the esophagus (for food) too the trachea (légcső) (for air) at its base.  The trachea begins at the epiglottis, which moves to block the passage of nutrient into the trachea.  The larynx (voicebox/gége) is flora correct nether the epiglottis, at the entrance to the trachea.

The larynx is a made of pieces of cartilage, alongside the song cords stretched across them.  When nosotros breathe, the cords are relaxed too the air tin overstep betwixt them easily, so no audio is made.  When nosotros speak, the cords are contracted, narrowing the passage betwixt them.  As the air moves past times them, it causes the cords to vibrate, creating sound.  The pitch of the vox depends on the size of the larynx (larger agency a deeper vox - inwards men the larynx is oft so large that it protrudes from the front end of their cervix forming the Adam's apple tree (Ádám csutka).  It is besides determined past times the thickness of the song cords too how tightly they are contracted (thicker, less contracted = deeper pitch).  The shape too size of a person's sinuses besides affects the resonance of a person's vox (hence the flatness of a person's vox when their sinuses are congested).

The trachea (windpipe) is formed past times C-shaped cartilage rings to hold its form, so it doesn't collapse.  It leads downward to the bronchi (főhörgők), which branch into the left too correct lungs.  The correct lung is formed of  3 lobes, piece the left is formed of 2.  The bronchi branch farther within the lungs into the bronchioles (hörgők, hörgőcskék), which opened upwards into the alveoli (légholyagok).  Each lung contains thousands of alveoli, making the breathable surface expanse of the lungs to a greater extent than or less 100 foursquare meters!

The alveoli are "wrapped" inwards capillaries via which gas central takes place.  Oxygen crosses from the alveoli into the blood, piece CO2 passes from the blood into the alveoli.  This movement of the gas molecules occurs exactly equally a outcome of the partial pressures of the gases inwards the blood too the lungs.

BREATHING

In companionship for gas central to withdraw hold house inwards the alveoli, air needs to operate into the lungs to convey inwards oxygen too it needs to larn out the lungs to withdraw hold away the carbon dioxide.  The movement of air is breathing.  

Inhalation is the outcome of the contraction of the rib muscles (intercostal muscles), which raises upwards the rib cage, too the contraction of the diaphragm (rekeszizom), which stretches across the base of operations of the rib cage (in a lower pose than when it is relaxed).  This increment the size of the cavity inwards which the lungs are found, resulting inwards a lower pull per unit of measurement area inwards the breast cavity.  This deviation inwards pull per unit of measurement area results inwards air moving into the lungs inwards companionship to equalize the pressure.  Because the muscles contract, this is an active process and requires energy.

When the rib muscles too the diaphragm are relaxed, so the size of the breast cavity decreases, forcing the air out.    

The Donders model demonstrates how the alter inwards the size of the breast cavity (due to musculus contraction) results inwards a alter inwards pull per unit of measurement area (as it enlarges pull per unit of measurement area decreases too vice versa) too how this results inwards the movement of air into too out of the lungs.

Control over breathing is vegetative (automatic) too occurs inwards the medulla (part of the encephalon stem).  It gains information on the levels of CO2 and O2 inwards the blood too depending on the levels increases or decreases depth too speed of breathing.

Illnesses too Conditions associated alongside respiration

•       Everday illnesses:

–      Colds (natha) are caused past times bacteria or viruses.  They include congestion, runny nose,  and sore throat.

–      Flu is caused past times viruses.  It shares symptoms alongside colds, but besides includes fever, weakness too exhaustion

–      Sinusitis (arc- és homloküreg gyulladás) is oft associated alongside increased mucus production alongside a mutual frigidness or flu.  Sinuses operate plugged too cannot empty the mucus that is produced.  It is oft a painful condition.

•       Tonsillitis is the inflamation of the tonsils (torokmandula).  It is caused past times bacterial infections too is associated alongside hurting too fever.  It tin Pb to pump too kidney problems if it is left untreated.

•       Laryngitis (hangszalaggyulladás) is the inflammation of the song cords, due to overuse or infections.  It tin outcome inwards a sore throat, raspy voice, or the consummate loss of song business office for the duration of the inflammation.

•       Bronchitis (hörghurut) is the inflammation of the bronchi.  It is oft associated alongside fever, difficulty breathing too coughing. Air pollution (eg. cigarette smoke) makes it worse.  Smokers oft withdraw hold chronic bronchitis.

•       Asthma:

–      associated alongside coughing fits too difficulty breathing

–      symptoms look all of a abrupt (typically)

–      appears to live hereditary

–      fits tin live brought on past times upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, physical exertion or stress

–      if non treated, tin withdraw hold serious consequences

•       Pneumonia (tüdőgyulladás):

–      when the infection moves from the respiratory tract into the lungs

–      symptoms tin gain from none to fever, pain, difficulty breathing, coughing

–      lungs create total alongside fluid, reducing expanse of gas exchange

–      can outcome it scar tissue, cysts, pleurisy

•       Pleurisy (mellhártyagyulladás)

–      Inflammation of the pleura (double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs)

–      Usually the outcome of other infections or conditions

–      Breathing  is painful

–      When fluid fills the spaces betwixt the membranes it is called pleural effusion

•       Tuberculosis (TB) (tbc inwards Hungarian)

–      Caused past times bacteria (usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

–      Spreads through coughing too sneezing

–      Destroys lung tissue, if left untreated patients coughing upwards blood, may withdraw hold fever, nighttime sweats, weight loss

–      Infection tin acquit upon other parts of the trunk (nervous system, bones, intestines, reproductive organs)

–      can live prevented alongside the BCG vaccine too treated alongside antibiotics

•       Pneumothorax (légmell)

–      Lung(s) collapse because air or gas gets into the (plearal space) breast cavity

–      Symptoms: breast pain, shortness of breath

–      Usually the outcome of injury or surgery, air may live extracted alongside a breast subway scheme or syringe

–      Can besides live spontaneous (no known cause), these normally solely require observation, disappear on their own

•       Lung cancer

–      Most mutual over fifty too inwards men

–      Symptoms: shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough, hoarseness, breast pain

–      Causes associated alongside air pollution, specially smoking

•       Hypoxia

                depression levels of blood oxygen

                diverse causes: CO poisoning, depression haemoglobin levels

                typical symptom cyanosis – blue at base of operations of nails, lips, ear lobes too ends of fingers

•       Caisson’s illness (the bends, decompression sickness)

–      Occurs when the trunk becomes depressurized too the gases that were dissolved inwards the blood plasma nether higher pressure, right away cast bubbles inwards the blood

–      Since bubbles tin cast inwards or migrate to whatever component subdivision of the body, it tin make many symptoms, too its effects may vary from articulation hurting too rashes to paralysis too death.