General Information
• Humans pick out closed double circuit circulation:
– Closed agency that the blood runs inside of vessels
– Double refers to the 2 circuits (or loops) that the vessels form
• PULMONARY CIRCUIT
• SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
• The HEART is the muscular organ that pumps blood through the vessels
Two Types of Circulation:
- Pulmonary: pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to unloose CO2 as well as pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood dorsum to the pump
- Systemic: arteries pick out oxygenated blood to torso cells and veins render deoxygenated blood dorsum to heart
 |
| Simple diagram of double circuit circulation |
The Heart (try
this interesting link)
The pump is formed of
cardiac muscle. It
pumps blood to all parts of torso as well as has
four chambers
- Two Atria (atrium): upper 2 chambers that receive blood. The correct atrium receives deoxygenated blood coming from the torso (through the vena cava). The left atrium receives oxgenated blood coming from the lungs (through the pulmonary vein).
- Two Ventricles: lower 2 chambers that pump blood. The correct ventricle pumps blood to the lungs (through the pulmonary artery), patch the left pumps blood to the torso (through the aorta).
Valves (billentyűk) are constitute betwixt the chambers of the heart. The valves exclusively opened upwards inwards 1 management (due to ligaments attached to them), which allows the blood to current from the atria to the ventricles, so from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery or the aorta, but non to current inwards the other direction. The naming of the valves is subject either on their cast (eg. tricuspid or semi-lunar) or their pose (eg. pulmonary or aortic)
 |
|
The left ventricle is much to a greater extent than muscular than the correct ventricle.
 |
| Difference inwards thickness of the muscular wall of the left as well as correct ventricles |
The correct pumps blood to the lungs, patch the left to the entire body. If the correct were every bit potent every bit the left, the capillaries of the lungs would explode when the pump would vanquish due to the pressure level as well as forcefulness behind each pump. The left has to live potent inwards gild to larn blood to all parts of the torso efficiently. Think nearly the carnival game where y'all hitting the hammer on the lever to attempt as well as larn the ball to wing upwards to the top of the pole as well as band the bell. Only the strongest people tin create that… your left ventricle is the “strong man!”
Cardiac cycle is what occurs from 1 heartbeat to the next. It has 2 periods: contraction (systole) as well as relaxation (diastole). It begins alongside a residue catamenia when both the atria as well as the ventricles are relaxed. The atria fill upwards at this point. When the atria contract, only the ventricles rest relaxed, so blood flows into the ventricles. Then the atria relax, only the ventricles contract, pumping blood into the aorta as well as the pulmonary artery. Then the bike begins again. The sounds that are heard through the stethoscope are the pump valves closing.  |
| Cardiac cycle |
The cardiac cycle, or the strength as well as charge per unit of measurement of the pump vanquish is controlled past times the involuntary nervous system. Stimulus for contraction comes from the sinoatrial node (szinusz csomó), which is located where veins come inwards the correct atrium. The electrical waves spread though the correct atrium to the left atrium as well as to the atrioventricular node (pitvar-kamrai csomó) which is constitute betwixt the 2 atria. From hither the impulses go though bundles of musculus cells that branch into Purkinje fibres which crusade the ventricular contraction.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels carry blood to every cell inwards the body
Arteries (osztóerek, verőerek) : carry blood AWAY FROM pump to body. In the systemic circuit this is oxygen-rich blood, only inwards the pulmonary circuit this is oxygen-poor blood. Arteries dissever into smaller arteries and arterioles. Their walls are thick as well as elastic, so that they tin expand as well as withstand high pressure. The pulse is the expansion of the artery walls that tin live felt easily at the wrists or at the carotid arteries inwards the neck.
Blood pressure measures 2 values, the
systolic pressure (when the left ventricle contracts) which is commonly nearly 120mmHg, as well as the
diastolic pressure (when the left ventricle relaxes), which is commonly 80mmHg. The criterion unit of measurement is mm of mercury, because the traditional measuring musical instrument was a sphingomomanometer, which had an arm cuff attached to a subway scheme filled alongside mercury. Today most are digital.
Blood pressure level tin exclusively live measured inwards the arteries. Pressure is real depression inwards the capillaries as well as veins.
 |
Source: http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio211/chap19/chap19
|
Veins (gyütőerek): carry blood from capillaries BACK TO heart. In the systemic circuit, this is oxygen-poor blood, only inwards the pulmonary circuit this is oxygen-rich blood The smallest veins are called
venules and they merge to cast veins.
These vessels pick out a large diamenter, sparse walls as well as are non real elastic
There is real depression pressure level inwards the veins, so to displace blood dorsum to the pump deal is required:
a) suction forcefulness from the relaxation of the pump (this exclusively plant roughly the heart),
b) movement of skeletal muscles increases pressure level as well as moves the blood,
c) steal valves inwards the veins (especially where blood is moving against gravity) deal to proceed the blood from running inwards the "wrong" direction.
|
| Simple diagram of double circuit circulation |
The Heart (try
this interesting link)
The pump is formed of
cardiac muscle. It
pumps blood to all parts of torso as well as has
four chambers
- Two Atria (atrium): upper 2 chambers that receive blood. The correct atrium receives deoxygenated blood coming from the torso (through the vena cava). The left atrium receives oxgenated blood coming from the lungs (through the pulmonary vein).
- Two Ventricles: lower 2 chambers that pump blood. The correct ventricle pumps blood to the lungs (through the pulmonary artery), patch the left pumps blood to the torso (through the aorta).
Valves (billentyűk) are constitute betwixt the chambers of the heart. The valves exclusively opened upwards inwards 1 management (due to ligaments attached to them), which allows the blood to current from the atria to the ventricles, so from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery or the aorta, but non to current inwards the other direction. The naming of the valves is subject either on their cast (eg. tricuspid or semi-lunar) or their pose (eg. pulmonary or aortic)
|
|
The left ventricle is much to a greater extent than muscular than the correct ventricle.
|
| Difference inwards thickness of the muscular wall of the left as well as correct ventricles |
The correct pumps blood to the lungs, patch the left to the entire body. If the correct were every bit potent every bit the left, the capillaries of the lungs would explode when the pump would vanquish due to the pressure level as well as forcefulness behind each pump. The left has to live potent inwards gild to larn blood to all parts of the torso efficiently. Think nearly the carnival game where y'all hitting the hammer on the lever to attempt as well as larn the ball to wing upwards to the top of the pole as well as band the bell. Only the strongest people tin create that… your left ventricle is the “strong man!”
Cardiac cycle is what occurs from 1 heartbeat to the next. It has 2 periods: contraction (systole) as well as relaxation (diastole). It begins alongside a residue catamenia when both the atria as well as the ventricles are relaxed. The atria fill upwards at this point. When the atria contract, only the ventricles rest relaxed, so blood flows into the ventricles. Then the atria relax, only the ventricles contract, pumping blood into the aorta as well as the pulmonary artery. Then the bike begins again. The sounds that are heard through the stethoscope are the pump valves closing. |
| Cardiac cycle |
The cardiac cycle, or the strength as well as charge per unit of measurement of the pump vanquish is controlled past times the involuntary nervous system. Stimulus for contraction comes from the sinoatrial node (szinusz csomó), which is located where veins come inwards the correct atrium. The electrical waves spread though the correct atrium to the left atrium as well as to the atrioventricular node (pitvar-kamrai csomó) which is constitute betwixt the 2 atria. From hither the impulses go though bundles of musculus cells that branch into Purkinje fibres which crusade the ventricular contraction.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels carry blood to every cell inwards the body
Arteries (osztóerek, verőerek) : carry blood AWAY FROM pump to body. In the systemic circuit this is oxygen-rich blood, only inwards the pulmonary circuit this is oxygen-poor blood. Arteries dissever into smaller arteries and arterioles. Their walls are thick as well as elastic, so that they tin expand as well as withstand high pressure. The pulse is the expansion of the artery walls that tin live felt easily at the wrists or at the carotid arteries inwards the neck.
Blood pressure measures 2 values, the
systolic pressure (when the left ventricle contracts) which is commonly nearly 120mmHg, as well as the
diastolic pressure (when the left ventricle relaxes), which is commonly 80mmHg. The criterion unit of measurement is mm of mercury, because the traditional measuring musical instrument was a sphingomomanometer, which had an arm cuff attached to a subway scheme filled alongside mercury. Today most are digital.
Blood pressure level tin exclusively live measured inwards the arteries. Pressure is real depression inwards the capillaries as well as veins.
|
| Source: http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio211/chap19/chap19
At the arteriole cease of the capillaries, at that spot are sphincters (ring-like muscles), which opened upwards as well as roughly command blood current to dissimilar tissues.  | Source: http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio211/chap19/chap19.html
| |
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| Human Circulation |
The higher upwards diagram indicates the most of import blood vessels . Note the hepatic portal vein which connects the capillaries of the digestive organization alongside those of the liver. The liver filters out toxins as well as regulates glucose levels. Wastes are filtered out past times the kidneys.
Blood (approx. 5L)
 |
| Contents of blood |
Plasma: “watery” occupation of blood that carries: - nutrients (glucose, amino acids, glyercol, obese acids),
- ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-),
- oxygen to cells and
- wastes away (carbon dioxide, carbamide, uric acid). I
- lipids,
- vitamins,
- hormones
- Plasma proteins which include albumin which helps proceed the H2O concentration inwards blood at that of tissues, globulins which are of import inwards lipid as well as fat-soluble vitamin transport, as well as fibrinogen which helps cast blood clots.
Red blood cells: made inwards the os marrow, these cells carry oxygen to torso cells using an iron-containing poly peptide called haemoglobin (there are nearly 250 1 chiliad m haemoglobin molecules/rbc). Each haem binds 1 molecule of oxygen, so 1 haemoglobin carries 4 oxygen molecules.
Biconcave shape gives them a greater surface area:volume ratio for gas exchange
Their shape is the consequence of "losing" the nucleus when the rbc matures. Without a nucleus they exclusively alive 120 days (broken downwards inwards liver as well as spleen - haem forms bile pigments, globin is recycled)
At high oxygen concentrations (in the lungs), oxyhaemoglobin forms, only at depression oxygen concentrations it dissociates to haemoglobin as well as oxygen (at tissues). Haemoglobin tin also bind to CO2 , only to a lesser extent. On the other hand, haemoglobin has a real high affinity for CO (carbon monoxide) as well as volition bind to it inwards identify of oxygen, which is what causes carbon monoxide poisoning.
|
| Simple diagram of double circuit circulation |
The Heart (try
this interesting link)
The pump is formed of
cardiac muscle. It
pumps blood to all parts of torso as well as has
four chambers
- Two Atria (atrium): upper 2 chambers that receive blood. The correct atrium receives deoxygenated blood coming from the torso (through the vena cava). The left atrium receives oxgenated blood coming from the lungs (through the pulmonary vein).
- Two Ventricles: lower 2 chambers that pump blood. The correct ventricle pumps blood to the lungs (through the pulmonary artery), patch the left pumps blood to the torso (through the aorta).
Valves (billentyűk) are constitute betwixt the chambers of the heart. The valves exclusively opened upwards inwards 1 management (due to ligaments attached to them), which allows the blood to current from the atria to the ventricles, so from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery or the aorta, but non to current inwards the other direction. The naming of the valves is subject either on their cast (eg. tricuspid or semi-lunar) or their pose (eg. pulmonary or aortic)
|
|
The left ventricle is much to a greater extent than muscular than the correct ventricle.
|
| Difference inwards thickness of the muscular wall of the left as well as correct ventricles |
The correct pumps blood to the lungs, patch the left to the entire body. If the correct were every bit potent every bit the left, the capillaries of the lungs would explode when the pump would vanquish due to the pressure level as well as forcefulness behind each pump. The left has to live potent inwards gild to larn blood to all parts of the torso efficiently. Think nearly the carnival game where y'all hitting the hammer on the lever to attempt as well as larn the ball to wing upwards to the top of the pole as well as band the bell. Only the strongest people tin create that… your left ventricle is the “strong man!”
Cardiac cycle is what occurs from 1 heartbeat to the next. It has 2 periods: contraction (systole) as well as relaxation (diastole). It begins alongside a residue catamenia when both the atria as well as the ventricles are relaxed. The atria fill upwards at this point. When the atria contract, only the ventricles rest relaxed, so blood flows into the ventricles. Then the atria relax, only the ventricles contract, pumping blood into the aorta as well as the pulmonary artery. Then the bike begins again. The sounds that are heard through the stethoscope are the pump valves closing. |
| Cardiac cycle |
The cardiac cycle, or the strength as well as charge per unit of measurement of the pump vanquish is controlled past times the involuntary nervous system. Stimulus for contraction comes from the sinoatrial node (szinusz csomó), which is located where veins come inwards the correct atrium. The electrical waves spread though the correct atrium to the left atrium as well as to the atrioventricular node (pitvar-kamrai csomó) which is constitute betwixt the 2 atria. From hither the impulses go though bundles of musculus cells that branch into Purkinje fibres which crusade the ventricular contraction.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels carry blood to every cell inwards the body
Arteries (osztóerek, verőerek) : carry blood AWAY FROM pump to body. In the systemic circuit this is oxygen-rich blood, only inwards the pulmonary circuit this is oxygen-poor blood. Arteries dissever into smaller arteries and arterioles. Their walls are thick as well as elastic, so that they tin expand as well as withstand high pressure. The pulse is the expansion of the artery walls that tin live felt easily at the wrists or at the carotid arteries inwards the neck.
Blood pressure measures 2 values, the
systolic pressure (when the left ventricle contracts) which is commonly nearly 120mmHg, as well as the
diastolic pressure (when the left ventricle relaxes), which is commonly 80mmHg. The criterion unit of measurement is mm of mercury, because the traditional measuring musical instrument was a sphingomomanometer, which had an arm cuff attached to a subway scheme filled alongside mercury. Today most are digital.
Blood pressure level tin exclusively live measured inwards the arteries. Pressure is real depression inwards the capillaries as well as veins.
|
| Source: http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio211/chap19/chap19 |
2. Hypertension (high blood pressure): a mutual condition, run a hazard factors are obesity, also much alcohol, smoking as well as identify unit of measurement history. Atherosclerosis increases blood pressure level as well as high blood pressure level increases the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis. Treatment tin include medications every bit good every bit a alter inwards diet as well as exercise.
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3. Heart gear upwards on (myocardial infarction): occurs when the pump musculus doesn't larn plenty oxygen. The pump receives its blood provide through the coronary arteries.
If the coronary arteries pick out larn narrowed due to the construct upwards of
plaques along the walls of the arteries, so less oxygenated blood volition accomplish the heart. A clot inwards a coronary artery tin also block the current of blood to the heart. In a pump gear upwards on the cells inwards the surface area of the pump that didn't have plenty oxygen volition die. After, the damaged tissue volition heal, only scar tissue that cannot contract volition remain, weakening the heart. Treatment afterward a pump gear upwards on may include lifestyle changes (eg. quit smoking), medication (to deal forbid plaque construct up, lower blood pressure, etc). If blockage inwards the coronary arteries requires it, the patient may undergo some surgery, eg.
angioplasty or stenting or inwards to a greater extent than severe cases, bypass surgery.
4. Stroke: poor blood current to the encephalon results inwards jail cellphone death. There are 2 kinds of strokes: ischemic (more common, only less deadly), when blood is blocked from reaching the brain, as well as hemorrhagic, due to haemorrhage inwards the brain. Effects of a stroke depend on what occupation of the encephalon was affected as well as the extent of the damage.
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