Topic 5: Inner Workings Of The Cell: Carbohydrates (Szénhidrátok)

 Carbohydrates

-most mutual organic compounds (biomolecules)

-are energy sources for cells - broken downwardly by cellular respiration (needs O2)-17kJ/g, one-half equally much equally lipids, but breakdown is much faster

-C,H,O

-can hold upwards mono-, di- as well as polyssacharides

a.  Monosaccharides

-sweet, H2O soluble, crystalizable

-general formula:  (CH2O)n

Triose sugars (n=3)

-these are all intermediate products (köztes termékek) inwards biochemical reactions

-most common: glyceraldehyde (oxidation production of glycerol)

Pentose sugars (n=5)

-biologically important: parts of nucleotides as well as nucleic acids, most mutual are deoxyribose as well as ribose

Image from http://www.layevangelism.com/bastxbk/images/deoxyribose.jpg

Hexose sugars (n=6)

-most mutual monosaccharides, eg. alpha-glucose, beta-glucose (szölőcukor), fructose (gyümölcscukor) as well as galactose are all isomers of C6H12O6 as well as cast the monomers of most di- as well as polysaccharides

Image from http://www.nzetc.org/etexts/Bio14Tuat01/Bio14Tuat01_036a%28h280%29.jpg

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Image from http://www.eastchester.k12.ny.us/schools/hs/teachers/fishman/images/fructose_000.gif

Galactose

Image from https://teach.lanecc.edu/naylore/225Lectures/04A/StructureImages/2galactoseThm.jpg

b.  Disaccharides

-2 monosaccharides combine past times condensation to cast a disaccharide

Examples:
glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar) - retrieve this is the principal cast inwards which carbohydrates are transported inwards plants!

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Image from http://www.pharmas.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/glucose-fructose-and-sucrose.jpg

two alpha glucoses = maltose - mutual inwards germinating seeds, effect of hydrolysis (break down) of starch

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Image from http://www.eastchester.k12.ny.us/schools/hs/teachers/fishman/images/maltose.gif
 

glucose + galactose = lactose (tejcukor) - institute inwards milk

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Image from http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/park/gfm11/nomilkgif/LACTOSE.JPG


c.  Polysaccharides
- largest carbohydrates
- long chains of monsaccharides (hexose sugars)
- tin hold upwards folded
- full general formula: (C6H10O5)n
- broken downwardly into monomers (by hydrolysis) if needed for energy
- insoluble inwards H2O because of size
- non sweet
- cannot crystalize

TYPES of polysaccharides:

i.  Storage polysaccharides

-insoluble, hence they won't diffuse out of cells as well as won't touching osmosis

Examples:
STARCH: institute inwards plants - made of two types of chains

-amylose: unbranched alpha-glucose, stains bluish alongside iodine

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Image from http://www.cheng.cam.ac.uk/research/groups/polymer/RMP/nitin/Amylose1.jpg

-amylopectin:  alpha-glucose chain alongside side branches, stains red-purple alongside iodine

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Image from http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/basics/amylopectin.gif

-the chains crimp as well as pack together into starch grains (keményitőszemcse) - 20% amylose, 79% amylopectin, 1% obese acids as well as phosphates

 GLYCOGEN: institute inwards animals as well as fungi

- alpha-glucose is arranged similar amylopectin (branched), but the chains are shorter as well as to a greater extent than branched.

-glycogen is institute peculiarly inwards musculus as well as liver cells.

-human glycogen stores supply plenty unloosen energy for a few hours.

ii.  Structural polysaccharides

Examples:
CELLULOSE

- makes upwards 50% of the flora prison theater cellular telephone wall

- each molecule is a chain of to a greater extent than or less 10 000 beta-glucose, unbranched

- OH-groups cast H-bonds alongside neighbouring chains to create a lattice

- almost 2000 chains volume together to cast microfibrils, which are visible nether an electron microscope

Image from http://www.botany.utexas.edu/facstaff/facpages/mbrown/newstat/stat38a.jpg

- the lattice is linked together past times hemicellulose, which is a curt polysaccharide

-cellulose is indigestible to animals (we consider it the "fiber" inwards our diet!)

-used to hit cotton, rayon, cellophane, moving-picture exhibit as well as paper

CHITIN

- institute inwards arthropod exoskeletons as well as fungal prison theater cellular telephone walls

- long chains of beta-glucose, but on each monomer the OH-group is substituted past times a nitrogenous grouping (NHCOCH3)