Lipids are insoluble inwards H2O because they are nonpolar.
BUT, they practise dissolve inwards apolar solvents, similar alcohols, ethers, etc.
Lipids include:
Fats in addition to oils
Phospholipids
Streroids
Carotenoids
Waxes
A. Neutral fats in addition to oils
- these conduct maintain high liberate energy content
-structure: made of a backbone amongst adjoining obese acid chains
the backbone is an alcohol, normally glycerol,
Image from lhs2.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U2Biochemistry/lipid_lab.htm
Fatty acids: at that spot is considerable variation inwards obese acids, but basically they are hydrocarbon chains. If all the bonds are single, so it is saturated, because it contains the maximum possible H's. It volition shape a obese (solid).
The full general formula is CH3(CH2)nCOOH.
CH3 is the methyl group.
(CH2)n is the variable chain, for instance if n=16, so it is a stearic acid chain (common inwards adipose tissue - zsÃrszövet).
COOH is the carboxyl group.
If the chain contains double bonds, so it is unsaturated. It volition shape an crude oil (liquid).
Cells hit fats in addition to oils past times condensing (see lecture 1) a glycerol in addition to three obese acids. These molecules are equally good called triglycerides.
Image from http://www.biology-books.com/Standard/ch2/16.jpg
The obese acid part forms long apolar "tails", which repel water, so are hydrophobic.
Function: liberate energy storage - flora inwards adipose (also called fat) tissue (animals) in addition to storage parenchyma (oily flora seeds). Yeild 38kJ/g, thus they are rattling high inwards energy.
Additional functions: oestrus insulation, mechanical protection, waterproofing, solvents for vitamins A,D,E in addition to K.
B. Phospholipids
- structurally similar to above, BUT phosphoric acid (foszforsav) takes the identify of 1 obese acid.
Image from http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/biology/MembranePage/images/phospholipid.jpg
This alter creates a hydrophilic "head" part of the molecule in addition to the ii obese acid chains shape a hydrophobic tail.
http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/graphics/phospholipid.gif
Hence, phospholipids are rattling of import inwards the formation of plasma membranes of cells, where they shape a phospholipid bilayer, amongst the hydrophobic tails pointing towards each other in addition to the hydrophilic heads inwards contact amongst the surroundings.
Image from http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/images/plasmamembranefigure1.jpg
C. Steroids
-insoluble inwards water
-the basic construction is a sterane skeleton to which diverse side groups attach.
Image from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steran_num_ABCD.svg/220px-Steran_num_ABCD.svg.png
Some examples of steroids include:
Cholesterol (important for plasma membrane rigidity)
Image from http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cholesterol.JPG
Bile acids (important inwards lipid digestion)
Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone) in addition to other steroid hormones
Image from http://helios.hampshire.edu/ msbNS/ns121/images/estrogen.gif
Image from http://thecompounder.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/testosterone1.jpg
Phytosterols (in plants)
D. Carotenoids
- conduct maintain conjugated double bonds (the unmarried in addition to the double bonds alternate), which makes them coloured (pigments)
-pigments are longer chains, volatile oils are shorter chains
Examples include:
Vitamin A
Carotene (orange)
Image from http://home.caregroup.org/clinical/altmed/interactions/Images/Nutrients/vitAbetac.gif
Licopene (red)
Xanthophyll (yellow)
E. Waxes
- formed past times obese acids in addition to an alcohol that is larger than glycerol
- of import for waterproofing inwards plants
- flora on arthropod exoskeletons (waterproofing)
- wax for bee hives
BUT, they practise dissolve inwards apolar solvents, similar alcohols, ethers, etc.
Lipids include:
Fats in addition to oils
Phospholipids
Streroids
Carotenoids
Waxes
A. Neutral fats in addition to oils
- these conduct maintain high liberate energy content
-structure: made of a backbone amongst adjoining obese acid chains
the backbone is an alcohol, normally glycerol,
Image from lhs2.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U2Biochemistry/lipid_lab.htm
Fatty acids: at that spot is considerable variation inwards obese acids, but basically they are hydrocarbon chains. If all the bonds are single, so it is saturated, because it contains the maximum possible H's. It volition shape a obese (solid).
The full general formula is CH3(CH2)nCOOH.
CH3 is the methyl group.
(CH2)n is the variable chain, for instance if n=16, so it is a stearic acid chain (common inwards adipose tissue - zsÃrszövet).
COOH is the carboxyl group.
If the chain contains double bonds, so it is unsaturated. It volition shape an crude oil (liquid).
Cells hit fats in addition to oils past times condensing (see lecture 1) a glycerol in addition to three obese acids. These molecules are equally good called triglycerides.
Image from http://www.biology-books.com/Standard/ch2/16.jpg
The obese acid part forms long apolar "tails", which repel water, so are hydrophobic.
Function: liberate energy storage - flora inwards adipose (also called fat) tissue (animals) in addition to storage parenchyma (oily flora seeds). Yeild 38kJ/g, thus they are rattling high inwards energy.
Additional functions: oestrus insulation, mechanical protection, waterproofing, solvents for vitamins A,D,E in addition to K.
B. Phospholipids
- structurally similar to above, BUT phosphoric acid (foszforsav) takes the identify of 1 obese acid.
Image from http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/biology/MembranePage/images/phospholipid.jpg
This alter creates a hydrophilic "head" part of the molecule in addition to the ii obese acid chains shape a hydrophobic tail.
http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/graphics/phospholipid.gif
Hence, phospholipids are rattling of import inwards the formation of plasma membranes of cells, where they shape a phospholipid bilayer, amongst the hydrophobic tails pointing towards each other in addition to the hydrophilic heads inwards contact amongst the surroundings.
Image from http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/images/plasmamembranefigure1.jpg
C. Steroids
-insoluble inwards water
-the basic construction is a sterane skeleton to which diverse side groups attach.
Image from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steran_num_ABCD.svg/220px-Steran_num_ABCD.svg.png
Some examples of steroids include:
Cholesterol (important for plasma membrane rigidity)
Image from http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cholesterol.JPG
Bile acids (important inwards lipid digestion)
Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone) in addition to other steroid hormones
Image from http://helios.hampshire.edu/ msbNS/ns121/images/estrogen.gif
Testosterone
Phytosterols (in plants)
D. Carotenoids
- conduct maintain conjugated double bonds (the unmarried in addition to the double bonds alternate), which makes them coloured (pigments)
-pigments are longer chains, volatile oils are shorter chains
Examples include:
Vitamin A
Carotene (orange)
Image from http://home.caregroup.org/clinical/altmed/interactions/Images/Nutrients/vitAbetac.gif
Licopene (red)
Xanthophyll (yellow)
E. Waxes
- formed past times obese acids in addition to an alcohol that is larger than glycerol
- of import for waterproofing inwards plants
- flora on arthropod exoskeletons (waterproofing)
- wax for bee hives
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