1st works life inwards the prison theatre cellular telephone nucleus, thence the name.
-contain C, H, O, due north too P, sometimes S
Function:
-energy storage too carry (ATP)
-transport of molecular groups (coenyzme A, NADH, NADPH)
-genetic material, aka nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
Nucleotides - these are the monomers of all nucleic compounds
-3 parts: 1 pentose sugar, 1 nitrogenous organic base, 1 phosphoric acid
pentose sugar: ribose forms RNA (ribonucleic acid), deoxyribose forms deoxyribonucleic acid (deoxyribonucleic acid)
nitrogen base: 2 types of bases be - purines (double ring, a 6-sided band too a 5-sided ring) too pyrimidines (6-sided ring). There are 2 kinds of purines too iii kinds of pyrimidines.
Image from http://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/Hadfield/Images/Purines%20Pyrimidines%20fig2.jpg
phosphoric acid (H3PO4): gives the nucleotides their acidic character
Nucleotides are formed past times condensation reactions binding the pentose sugar, the phosphoric acid too the nitrogenous base.
Image from: www.msu.edu/course/isb/202/ebertmay/2006/drivers/nucleotide.jpg
1. Energy storing too transporting nucleotides
-energy is gained from nutrient (eg. H2O ice cream). Through digestion it is broken downward into its diverse parts, many of which are sugars, which tin last broken downward past times hydrolysis to the simplest saccharide - glucose.
Glucose is used in cellular respiration (info on that to come) too liberate energy is released from glucose too used to brand novel molecules for temporary storage - ATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the most of import molecule inwards biological scientific discipline (no, I am non exaggerating!). It is the general, universal liberate energy root (which way that all living organisms tin occupation it!)
Image from: http://student.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/energy/images/atp.gif
-to position out energy, a phosphate breaks off to produce ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
-if approximately other ane breaks off, nosotros teach AMP (much rarer)
-ATP tin last transported to whatsoever purpose of the prison theatre cellular telephone too used for energy-demanding reactions
ADP + P + liberate energy = ATP (to shape ATP a condensation reaction occurs, to pause downward ATP a hydrolysis reaction occurs)
2. Transporting nucleotide-like molecules
-often coenzymes (molecules that help enzymes to consummate reactions)
Examples:
Coenzyme Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (CoA)
-it is a nucleotide derivative (try to encounter the similarities amongst the nucleotide above!)
Image from: http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/coenzyme_a.jpg
-it takes purpose inwards cellular respiration
-its labor is to deport acetyl groups that are created during the breakdown of glucose
Image from: http://science.jrank.org/article_images/science.jrank.org/acetyl-coenzyme-a.1.jpg
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
-it takes purpose in cellular respiration (break-down reaction)
-it carries 2 hydrogens that are dissociated into protons too electrons
Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/NADH01.jpg
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
-it takes purpose in photosynthesis and other "building up" reactions.
-it likewise carries 2 dissociated hydrogens
3. Nucleic acids (genetic material)
- polymers of thousands of nucleotide monomers form polynucleotide chains by condensation
-the construction consists of a constant pentose-phosphate backbone to which variable nitrogenous bases are attached.
Image from: http://faculty.cbu.ca/eglogowski/BIOL%20101%20IMAGES/NucleicAcidComponent_L.jpg
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
-its unique double helix structure was suggested inwards 1953 by Watson too Crick
-only four bases are used: G (guanine),C (cytosine), Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (adenine) too T (thymine), but non U (uracil)!
-the 2 chains are linked together past times H-bonds that shape betwixt the nitrogenous bases
-the chains run inwards reverse directions (this is called anti-parallel) too they are complementary (kiegészitő) to each other. This way that G e'er pairs amongst C, too Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 e'er pairs amongst T.
-DNA is works life inwards the cell's nucleus too it defines prison theatre cellular telephone activity past times controlling poly peptide synthesis too defining genetic information
Image from: http://www.coe.drexel.edu/ret/personalsites/2005/dayal/curriculum1_files/image001.jpg
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
-usually a single-stranded polynucleotide
-its bases are G, C, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 too U (not T!)
-it tin flexure inwards on itself (to shape brusk double stranded sections)
iii types:
a. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)/riboszomális RNS
-produced past times data inwards DNA, it is large too complex
-it forms purpose of the ribosome (this is the organelle that synthesizes/makes proteins, it is formed of proteins too rRNA), then it has a structural role
-all organisms stimulate got rattling similar rRNA (this indicates that it appeared inwards the living globe a very, very, rattling long fourth dimension ago)
b. transfer RNA (tRNA)/szallító RNS
-it is a small-scale molecule
-it is works life inwards the cell's cytoplasm
-it carries amion acids to the site of poly peptide synthesis (to the ribosome)
-there are at to the lowest degree xx types of tRNA - 1 for each amino acid
-each ane binds to a specific amino acid at the acceptor stem
Image from: http://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/00217/images/content/tRNA.gif
c. messenger RNA (mRNA)/hírvivő RNS
-it is a long single-stranded molecule (often 1000's of nucleotides long)
-it is produced inwards the nucleus too is a mirror re-create of 1 strand of the deoxyribonucleic acid helix
-it enters the cytoplasm, associates amongst ribosomes, too acts every bit the template (minta) for poly peptide synthesis
-it is easily too rapidly broken down, ane time it has brought the data well-nigh which poly peptide to synthesize to the ribosome
Image from: http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/transcription/gif
-contain C, H, O, due north too P, sometimes S
Function:
-energy storage too carry (ATP)
-transport of molecular groups (coenyzme A, NADH, NADPH)
-genetic material, aka nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
Nucleotides - these are the monomers of all nucleic compounds
-3 parts: 1 pentose sugar, 1 nitrogenous organic base, 1 phosphoric acid
pentose sugar: ribose forms RNA (ribonucleic acid), deoxyribose forms deoxyribonucleic acid (deoxyribonucleic acid)
nitrogen base: 2 types of bases be - purines (double ring, a 6-sided band too a 5-sided ring) too pyrimidines (6-sided ring). There are 2 kinds of purines too iii kinds of pyrimidines.
Image from http://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/Hadfield/Images/Purines%20Pyrimidines%20fig2.jpg
phosphoric acid (H3PO4): gives the nucleotides their acidic character
Nucleotides are formed past times condensation reactions binding the pentose sugar, the phosphoric acid too the nitrogenous base.
1. Energy storing too transporting nucleotides
-energy is gained from nutrient (eg. H2O ice cream). Through digestion it is broken downward into its diverse parts, many of which are sugars, which tin last broken downward past times hydrolysis to the simplest saccharide - glucose.
Glucose is used in cellular respiration (info on that to come) too liberate energy is released from glucose too used to brand novel molecules for temporary storage - ATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the most of import molecule inwards biological scientific discipline (no, I am non exaggerating!). It is the general, universal liberate energy root (which way that all living organisms tin occupation it!)
-to position out energy, a phosphate breaks off to produce ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
-if approximately other ane breaks off, nosotros teach AMP (much rarer)
-ATP tin last transported to whatsoever purpose of the prison theatre cellular telephone too used for energy-demanding reactions
ADP + P + liberate energy = ATP (to shape ATP a condensation reaction occurs, to pause downward ATP a hydrolysis reaction occurs)
2. Transporting nucleotide-like molecules
-often coenzymes (molecules that help enzymes to consummate reactions)
Examples:
Coenzyme Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (CoA)
-it is a nucleotide derivative (try to encounter the similarities amongst the nucleotide above!)
-it takes purpose inwards cellular respiration
-its labor is to deport acetyl groups that are created during the breakdown of glucose
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
-it takes purpose in cellular respiration (break-down reaction)
-it carries 2 hydrogens that are dissociated into protons too electrons
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
-it takes purpose in photosynthesis and other "building up" reactions.
-it likewise carries 2 dissociated hydrogens
3. Nucleic acids (genetic material)
- polymers of thousands of nucleotide monomers form polynucleotide chains by condensation
-the construction consists of a constant pentose-phosphate backbone to which variable nitrogenous bases are attached.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
-its unique double helix structure was suggested inwards 1953 by Watson too Crick
-only four bases are used: G (guanine),C (cytosine), Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (adenine) too T (thymine), but non U (uracil)!
-the 2 chains are linked together past times H-bonds that shape betwixt the nitrogenous bases
-the chains run inwards reverse directions (this is called anti-parallel) too they are complementary (kiegészitő) to each other. This way that G e'er pairs amongst C, too Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 e'er pairs amongst T.
-DNA is works life inwards the cell's nucleus too it defines prison theatre cellular telephone activity past times controlling poly peptide synthesis too defining genetic information
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
-usually a single-stranded polynucleotide
-its bases are G, C, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 too U (not T!)
-it tin flexure inwards on itself (to shape brusk double stranded sections)
iii types:
a. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)/riboszomális RNS
-produced past times data inwards DNA, it is large too complex
-it forms purpose of the ribosome (this is the organelle that synthesizes/makes proteins, it is formed of proteins too rRNA), then it has a structural role
-all organisms stimulate got rattling similar rRNA (this indicates that it appeared inwards the living globe a very, very, rattling long fourth dimension ago)
Computerized ikon of rRNA, without the surrounding protein
Image from: http://www.biochem.umd.edu/biochem/kahn/bchm465-01/ribosome/16SrRNA.html
b. transfer RNA (tRNA)/szallító RNS
-it is a small-scale molecule
-it is works life inwards the cell's cytoplasm
-it carries amion acids to the site of poly peptide synthesis (to the ribosome)
-there are at to the lowest degree xx types of tRNA - 1 for each amino acid
-each ane binds to a specific amino acid at the acceptor stem
c. messenger RNA (mRNA)/hírvivő RNS
-it is a long single-stranded molecule (often 1000's of nucleotides long)
-it is produced inwards the nucleus too is a mirror re-create of 1 strand of the deoxyribonucleic acid helix
-it enters the cytoplasm, associates amongst ribosomes, too acts every bit the template (minta) for poly peptide synthesis
-it is easily too rapidly broken down, ane time it has brought the data well-nigh which poly peptide to synthesize to the ribosome
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